{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226348958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3157674","title":"A Ratio-Difference Local Feature Contrast Method for Infrared Small Target Detection","display_name":"A Ratio-Difference Local Feature Contrast Method for Infrared Small Target Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226348958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3157674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2022.3157674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3157674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071258855","display_name":"Jinhui Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-5589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhui Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-5589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111115527","display_name":"Qiuyue Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuyue Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037133186","display_name":"Saed Moradi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-4358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39268498","display_name":"University of Isfahan","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9t7759","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saed Moradi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-4358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032109527","display_name":"Houzhang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7949-8846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houzhang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045389088","display_name":"Xuye Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuye Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041697449","display_name":"Zhimeng Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhimeng Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053295581","display_name":"Jinyao Wan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyao Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9963,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96112658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7230902910232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.6364256739616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.6119054555892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.6005805134773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5769020915031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5633305907249451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5259447693824768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.5172884464263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4614696502685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4364238381385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast-ratio","display_name":"Contrast ratio","score":0.42450380325317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3684636354446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09566661715507507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7230902910232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6364256739616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.6119054555892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6005805134773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5769020915031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5633305907249451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5259447693824768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.5172884464263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4614696502685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4364238381385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132447839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353268","display_name":"Contrast ratio","level":2,"score":0.42450380325317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3684636354446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09566661715507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2022.3157674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2022.3157674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1266442731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202108410232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2940306826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"192102210089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327051","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3551564831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"222102320370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327051","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5666800812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"222102210077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327051","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8571783414","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u89c6\u89c9\u663e\u8457\u673a\u5236\u7684\u590d\u6742\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7ea2\u5916\u5f31\u5c0f\u76ee\u6807\u68c0\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61802455","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327051","display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Henan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2041646550","https://openalex.org/W2067173181","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2291670705","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2400007400","https://openalex.org/W2476118598","https://openalex.org/W2540854551","https://openalex.org/W2594017825","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2918460136","https://openalex.org/W2953583213","https://openalex.org/W2979903624","https://openalex.org/W3001427728","https://openalex.org/W3009993648","https://openalex.org/W3011486326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2180954594","https://openalex.org/W2052835778","https://openalex.org/W2049003611","https://openalex.org/W2127804977","https://openalex.org/W1983393909","https://openalex.org/W2040150569","https://openalex.org/W2468095590","https://openalex.org/W2132174924","https://openalex.org/W1911540634","https://openalex.org/W2013909972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Local":[0],"contrast":[1,29,45],"has":[2,100],"been":[3],"proven":[4],"to":[5,56],"be":[6],"effective":[7],"in":[8,90],"infrared":[9],"(IR)":[10],"small":[11],"target":[12],"detection,":[13],"but":[14,74],"existing":[15],"algorithms":[16],"still":[17],"have":[18],"some":[19],"drawbacks.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22],"letter,":[23],"a":[24,35,61,72],"ratio-difference":[25],"(RD)":[26],"local":[27,43,62],"feature":[28],"(LFC)":[30],"method":[31],"is":[32,39,46,68,78],"proposed.":[33,79],"First,":[34],"new":[36],"nested":[37],"window":[38],"designed,":[40],"and":[41,53,95,99],"the":[42,49,58,65,83],"gray":[44],"selected":[47],"as":[48],"features":[50],"of":[51,60,92],"inner":[52],"outer":[54],"windows":[55],"investigate":[57],"characteristics":[59],"area.":[63],"Then,":[64],"RD":[66],"LFC":[67],"calculated.":[69],"At":[70],"last,":[71],"simple":[73],"useful":[75],"weighting":[76],"function":[77],"Experiments":[80],"show":[81],"that":[82],"proposed":[84],"algorithm":[85],"can":[86],"achieve":[87],"better":[88],"performance":[89],"terms":[91],"detection":[93],"rate":[94,98],"false":[96],"alarm":[97],"good":[101],"robustness":[102],"against":[103],"noise.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
