{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193734530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3104060","title":"Four-Channel Interference of Dual-Antenna GNSS Reflectometry and Water Level Observation","display_name":"Four-Channel Interference of Dual-Antenna GNSS Reflectometry and Water Level Observation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193734530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3104060","mag":"3193734530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2021.3104060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3104060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101743303","display_name":"Feng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9046-3388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9046-3388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085184306","display_name":"Bo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7807-6900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7807-6900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dongkai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-5474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongkai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-5474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010540762","display_name":"Jin Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7385-9567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459531","display_name":"Guodong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-9046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-9046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081351889","display_name":"Lei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-5474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74485261","display_name":"Shandong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ke8fw32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74485261"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74485261"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1831,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47558545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7445299625396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.6092548966407776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-mean-square","display_name":"Root mean square","score":0.5611823797225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5559344291687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.515905499458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4678678512573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.44799983501434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4366626441478729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.42244601249694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.42064353823661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4033699035644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.40157070755958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.39942222833633423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2938307523727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2884628176689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24573001265525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22262653708457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2105221152305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07855004072189331}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7445299625396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.6092548966407776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.5611823797225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5559344291687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.515905499458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4678678512573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.44799983501434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4366626441478729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.42244601249694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.42064353823661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4033699035644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.40157070755958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.39942222833633423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2938307523727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2884628176689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24573001265525818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22262653708457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2105221152305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07855004072189331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2021.3104060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3104060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599561640","https://openalex.org/W1860649799","https://openalex.org/W1978220353","https://openalex.org/W1996689350","https://openalex.org/W2020972932","https://openalex.org/W2039721961","https://openalex.org/W2040870891","https://openalex.org/W2074044398","https://openalex.org/W2087725274","https://openalex.org/W2104968029","https://openalex.org/W2106518823","https://openalex.org/W2159223272","https://openalex.org/W2560477285","https://openalex.org/W2566251519","https://openalex.org/W2625413745","https://openalex.org/W2665666725","https://openalex.org/W2770103060","https://openalex.org/W2885815350","https://openalex.org/W2972754538","https://openalex.org/W3126955875"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140036717","https://openalex.org/W2091193607","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W2035752977","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2597922112","https://openalex.org/W2084512058","https://openalex.org/W1999085356","https://openalex.org/W3109702176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81,103],"signals":[1,22,69],"at":[2,23,70],"higher":[3,24,78],"elevation":[4,25,72],"angles":[5],"could":[6,138,175,188],"be":[7,139,176],"received":[8],"by":[9,127],"a":[10,30,56],"left-handed":[11],"circularly":[12],"polarized":[13],"(LHCP)":[14],"antenna":[15],"because":[16],"LHCP":[17],"components":[18],"dominate":[19],"the":[20,48,63,67,74,85,89,96,113,128,134,143,147,153,157,162,168,172,190,194,208,224],"reflected":[21,68],"angles.":[26],"This":[27],"letter":[28],"explores":[29],"four-channel":[31],"interference":[32],"method":[33,76,105],"of":[34,65,88,98,116,171,193,223],"dual-antenna":[35],"global":[36],"navigation":[37],"satellite":[38,181,225],"system":[39],"(GNSS)":[40],"reflectometry":[41],"capable":[42],"and":[43,106,124,132,156,186,207,220,228],"its":[44],"application":[45],"in":[46],"retrieving":[47],"water":[49],"level.":[50],"Compared":[51],"to":[52,62,94,111,141,151,196,215],"single-antenna":[53],"observation":[54,179,195],"using":[55,204],"oscillating":[57,99],"signal-to-noise":[58],"ratio":[59],"(SNR),":[60],"due":[61],"capability":[64],"receiving":[66],"high":[71],"angles,":[73],"proposed":[75,93,154],"has":[77],"temporal":[79],"resolution.":[80],"criterion":[82,163],"based":[83],"on":[84],"effective":[86],"value":[87],"time":[90,125,191],"series":[91],"is":[92,149,165],"evaluate":[95],"quality":[97],"carrier":[100,117],"phase":[101,118],"difference.":[102,119],"Lomb\u2013Scargle":[104],"cosine":[107,122],"fitting":[108],"are":[109],"used":[110],"estimate":[112],"oscillated":[114],"frequency":[115],"Through":[120],"normalizing":[121],"oscillation":[123],"scale":[126],"GNSS":[129],"signal":[130],"amplitude":[131],"wavelength,":[133],"time-series":[135],"from":[136,199,218],"multisatellites":[137],"combined":[140],"retrieve":[142],"height.":[144],"At":[145],"last,":[146],"experiment":[148],"conducted":[150],"demonstrate":[152],"method,":[155],"results":[158],"show":[159],"that":[160],"when":[161],"threshold":[164],"under":[166],"0.2,":[167],"centimeter-level":[169],"precision":[170],"retrieved":[173],"height":[174],"achieved.":[177],"Two-satellite":[178],"combining":[180],"pseudorandom":[182],"noise":[183],"(PRN)":[184],"15":[185,227],"24":[187],"decrease":[189],"span":[192],"320":[197],"s":[198,201],"480":[200],"for":[202],"only":[203],"single":[205],"satellite,":[206],"root":[209],"mean":[210],"square":[211],"error":[212],"(RMSE)":[213],"reduces":[214],"6.2":[216],"cm":[217,222],"9.5":[219],"18.9":[221],"PRN":[226],"24.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
