{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192029423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3100485","title":"Transformer for EI Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation Prediction","display_name":"Transformer for EI Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation Prediction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192029423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3100485","mag":"3192029423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2021.3100485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3100485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398488","display_name":"Feng Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5163-3006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Informatics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103281954","display_name":"Jie Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Informatics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101892762","display_name":"Tianqiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0531-1759"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian-Qiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Fujian Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Fujian Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081710861","display_name":"Lijun You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6287-1504"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Jun You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Fujian Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Fujian Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036143272","display_name":"Bin Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1291-0154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Informatics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010203151","display_name":"Jianyun Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0656-3123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian-Yun Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Informatics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100398488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1317,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86830331,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11483","display_name":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/el-ni\u00f1o-southern-oscillation","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation","score":0.9241396188735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6831493377685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5684773325920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5636498332023621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-enso-index","display_name":"Multivariate ENSO index","score":0.5620598196983337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4671439826488495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-oscillation","display_name":"Southern oscillation","score":0.43524619936943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.4287441670894623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-model","display_name":"Atmospheric model","score":0.427834153175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4150421619415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3489444851875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.31508567929267883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1405760645866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13216173648834229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13082298636436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10127976536750793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507956050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14524818","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation","level":2,"score":0.9241396188735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6831493377685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5684773325920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5636498332023621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119072478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146383","display_name":"Multivariate ENSO index","level":4,"score":0.5620598196983337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4671439826488495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993855988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14524818","display_name":"Southern oscillation","level":3,"score":0.43524619936943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4287441670894623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.427834153175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4150421619415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3489444851875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.31508567929267883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1405760645866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13216173648834229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13082298636436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10127976536750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2021.3100485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3100485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1344183805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020J01168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2622972725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC1505805","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3205375071","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6112873289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61070062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1735671984","https://openalex.org/W2007098680","https://openalex.org/W2007830891","https://openalex.org/W2063700061","https://openalex.org/W2072000799","https://openalex.org/W2175816372","https://openalex.org/W2540637214","https://openalex.org/W2799355604","https://openalex.org/W2802673723","https://openalex.org/W2853810505","https://openalex.org/W2893696169","https://openalex.org/W2911900038","https://openalex.org/W2948315246","https://openalex.org/W2973731563","https://openalex.org/W2977884807","https://openalex.org/W2997568830","https://openalex.org/W2997633034","https://openalex.org/W3011792142","https://openalex.org/W3019257405","https://openalex.org/W3025111165","https://openalex.org/W3095867871","https://openalex.org/W3097124628","https://openalex.org/W3136418526","https://openalex.org/W3169323098","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6779342280","https://openalex.org/W6786381142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509577177","https://openalex.org/W2013513194","https://openalex.org/W1976809639","https://openalex.org/W2786095512","https://openalex.org/W2150687923","https://openalex.org/W3125727507","https://openalex.org/W4249762960","https://openalex.org/W3023318615","https://openalex.org/W2911260816","https://openalex.org/W2282226458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"prediction":[1],"of":[2,8,41],"EI":[3,114],"Ni\u00f1o-southern":[4],"oscillation":[5],"(ENSO)":[6],"is":[7,31],"great":[9],"significance":[10],"to":[11,37,44,64,73,101],"seasonal":[12],"climate":[13],"forecast.":[14],"Recently,":[15],"a":[16,104,119],"convolutional":[17,35],"neural":[18],"network":[19],"(CNN)":[20],"has":[21,52],"shown":[22],"an":[23],"optimal":[24],"skill":[25,133],"for":[26,33,61,136],"ENSO":[27,42,75,81,137],"prediction.":[28,138],"However,":[29],"it":[30,72],"difficult":[32],"the":[34,74,80,88,91],"kernel":[36],"capture":[38],"long-range":[39],"precursors":[40],"due":[43],"its":[45,62],"build-in":[46],"local":[47],"property.":[48],"The":[49,108],"transformer":[50,82],"model":[51,109,130],"long":[53],"been":[54],"used":[55],"in":[56],"natural":[57],"language":[58],"processing":[59],"(NLP)":[60],"ability":[63],"focus":[65],"on":[66],"global":[67],"features.":[68],"Here,":[69],"we":[70],"introduce":[71],"research":[76],"community":[77],"and":[78,103],"propose":[79],"(ENSOTR).":[83],"We":[84],"show":[85,127],"that":[86,128],"using":[87],"ENSOTR":[89],"model,":[90],"monthly":[92],"average":[93],"Ni\u00f1o3.4":[94],"index":[95],"can":[96,110],"be":[97],"skillfully":[98],"predicted":[99],"up":[100],"one":[102],"half":[105],"years":[106],"ahead.":[107],"also":[111],"predict":[112],"strong":[113],"Ni\u00f1o":[115],"cases":[116],"more":[117],"than":[118,134],"year":[120],"ahead,":[121],"such":[122],"as":[123],"1997\u20131998.":[124],"Experimental":[125],"results":[126],"our":[129],"achieves":[131],"better":[132],"CNN":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
