{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134597511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3059461","title":"Unsupervised Change Detection Based on Weighted Change Vector Analysis and Improved Markov Random Field for High Spatial Resolution Imagery","display_name":"Unsupervised Change Detection Based on Weighted Change Vector Analysis and Improved Markov Random Field for High Spatial Resolution Imagery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134597511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3059461","mag":"3134597511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2021.3059461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3059461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035163315","display_name":"Hong Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3707-0910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141657","display_name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","ror":"https://ror.org/045yewh40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657","https://openalex.org/I881766915","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690406","display_name":"Peijun Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2488-2656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141657","display_name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","ror":"https://ror.org/045yewh40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peijun Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657","https://openalex.org/I881766915","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012507645","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-2585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141657","display_name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","ror":"https://ror.org/045yewh40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657","https://openalex.org/I881766915","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078483183","display_name":"Cong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5386-7343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141657","display_name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","ror":"https://ror.org/045yewh40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657","https://openalex.org/I881766915","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013125536","display_name":"Pengfei Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4145-6007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141657","display_name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","ror":"https://ror.org/045yewh40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657","https://openalex.org/I881766915","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035163315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210141657","https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0216,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87690024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.8137036561965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6704835295677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6289817690849304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6113382577896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6112129092216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5668336153030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.564012885093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.551638126373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-random-field","display_name":"Markov random field","score":0.528310239315033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4005618095397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2580867409706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.14164242148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.0934404730796814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.8137036561965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6704835295677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6289817690849304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6113382577896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6112129092216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5668336153030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.564012885093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.551638126373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778045648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176827","display_name":"Markov random field","level":4,"score":0.528310239315033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4005618095397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2580867409706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.14164242148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0934404730796814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2021.3059461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2021.3059461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6166494848","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41631176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990784258","https://openalex.org/W2036798369","https://openalex.org/W2111320133","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2134451879","https://openalex.org/W2160544350","https://openalex.org/W2319951880","https://openalex.org/W2332183138","https://openalex.org/W2471141653","https://openalex.org/W2726981152","https://openalex.org/W2792706032","https://openalex.org/W2804528682","https://openalex.org/W2902788350","https://openalex.org/W2910587630","https://openalex.org/W2988324911","https://openalex.org/W2997043451","https://openalex.org/W3005514961","https://openalex.org/W3005560263","https://openalex.org/W3025582806","https://openalex.org/W3105553032","https://openalex.org/W6629944422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2729514902","https://openalex.org/W2024160000","https://openalex.org/W2773500201","https://openalex.org/W2080106448","https://openalex.org/W2061273563","https://openalex.org/W2285052147","https://openalex.org/W4287995534","https://openalex.org/W2743258233","https://openalex.org/W2546871836","https://openalex.org/W2136485282"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Change":[0],"detection":[1,17,138],"is":[2,104],"a":[3,96],"research":[4],"hotspot":[5],"in":[6,88,116,140],"the":[7,27,35,43,55,59,64,72,89,101,107,114,117,131],"remote":[8],"sensing":[9],"field.":[10],"In":[11],"this":[12],"letter,":[13],"an":[14],"unsupervised":[15,136],"change":[16,91,102,137],"method":[18,133],"was":[19],"proposed":[20,132],"by":[21,54,62,82,106],"optimizing":[22],"two":[23],"critical":[24],"steps,":[25],"i.e.,":[26],"generation":[28],"and":[29,49,67,86],"analysis":[30,93],"of":[31,38,75,84,142],"difference":[32,36,65,76,98,115],"image.":[33,99],"First,":[34],"vectors":[37,66],"features":[39],"are":[40,52,69,80],"calculated":[41,81],"using":[42],"simple":[44],"differencing":[45],"method.":[46],"Some":[47],"changed":[48],"unchanged":[50],"pixels":[51],"generated":[53],"majority":[56],"voting":[57],"on":[58,125],"results":[60,124],"produced":[61],"clustering":[63],"then":[68],"used":[70],"for":[71],"weight":[73],"calculation":[74],"vectors.":[77],"The":[78],"weights":[79],"means":[83],"F-Score":[85],"considered":[87],"weighted":[90],"vector":[92],"to":[94],"produce":[95],"discriminative":[97],"Finally,":[100],"map":[103],"obtained":[105],"improved":[108],"Markov":[109],"random":[110],"field":[111],"which":[112],"takes":[113],"neighborhood":[118],"pixel":[119],"values":[120],"into":[121],"account.":[122],"Experimental":[123],"three":[126],"data":[127],"sets":[128],"demonstrated":[129],"that":[130],"outperformed":[134],"six":[135],"methods":[139],"terms":[141],"overall":[143],"accuracy.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}