{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3039443125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2020.3004978","title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Based on the Weighted Strengthened Local Contrast Measure","display_name":"Infrared Small Target Detection Based on the Weighted Strengthened Local Contrast Measure","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3039443125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2020.3004978","mag":"3039443125"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2020.3004978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2020.3004978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071258855","display_name":"Jinhui Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-5589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhui Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-5589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037133186","display_name":"Saed Moradi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-4358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39268498","display_name":"University of Isfahan","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9t7759","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saed Moradi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-4358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076902427","display_name":"Iman Faramarzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-506X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78323350","display_name":"Malek Ashtar University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0043ezw98","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78323350"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iman Faramarzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Malek-e-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-506X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Malek-e-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78323350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629501","display_name":"Honghui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6250-5272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honghui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086649532","display_name":"Qian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3758-237X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100685474","display_name":"Xiaojian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7527-7704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341082","display_name":"Nan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8248-9027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":202.3081,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":420,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99980139,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"9","first_page":"1670","last_page":"1674"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.8457979559898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.7573720812797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.7515878081321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.604723334312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5966390371322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-weighting","display_name":"A-weighting","score":0.5699571371078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5410268902778625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.5127044916152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5108525156974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast-ratio","display_name":"Contrast ratio","score":0.5000946521759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matched-filter","display_name":"Matched filter","score":0.4156153202056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3951815962791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38638150691986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3439907431602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.13422009348869324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.8457979559898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.7573720812797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.7515878081321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.604723334312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5966390371322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70136482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13583781","display_name":"A-weighting","level":3,"score":0.5699571371078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5410268902778625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5127044916152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5108525156974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132447839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353268","display_name":"Contrast ratio","level":2,"score":0.5000946521759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50151734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759577","display_name":"Matched filter","level":3,"score":0.4156153202056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3951815962791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38638150691986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3439907431602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.13422009348869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2020.3004978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2020.3004978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2940306826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"192102210089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327051","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6008563664","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18B510021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325625","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6771807193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11847113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8571783414","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u89c6\u89c9\u663e\u8457\u673a\u5236\u7684\u590d\u6742\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7ea2\u5916\u5f31\u5c0f\u76ee\u6807\u68c0\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61802455","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325625","display_name":"Education Department of Henan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327051","display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Henan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013623601","https://openalex.org/W2035159765","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2041646550","https://openalex.org/W2067173181","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2085974120","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2291670705","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2346388536","https://openalex.org/W2395177508","https://openalex.org/W2400007400","https://openalex.org/W2407220925","https://openalex.org/W2540854551","https://openalex.org/W2594017825","https://openalex.org/W2745102798","https://openalex.org/W2782405382","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2792463169","https://openalex.org/W2885719068","https://openalex.org/W2898095763","https://openalex.org/W2899311632","https://openalex.org/W2900546872","https://openalex.org/W2903712687","https://openalex.org/W2918460136","https://openalex.org/W2921899406","https://openalex.org/W2941473825","https://openalex.org/W2953583213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975840941","https://openalex.org/W2092002118","https://openalex.org/W1880952682","https://openalex.org/W1963516324","https://openalex.org/W2014269659","https://openalex.org/W1971836599","https://openalex.org/W3159322109","https://openalex.org/W2019002543","https://openalex.org/W2619302272","https://openalex.org/W2180954594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,34,68],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"a":[3,107,129],"weighted":[4],"strengthened":[5,25],"local":[6,26],"contrast":[7,27],"measure":[8,28],"(WSLCM)":[9],"algorithm":[10,99],"for":[11],"infrared":[12],"(IR)":[13],"small":[14],"target":[15,51],"detection":[16,131],"is":[17,100],"proposed,":[18],"it":[19,110],"consists":[20],"of":[21,40,79,84,106],"two":[22],"modules,":[23],"the":[24,31,35,38,66,69,77,80,82,85,88,104,124],"(SLCM),":[29],"and":[30,43,52,59,87],"weighting":[32,70],"function.":[33],"SLCM":[36],"calculation,":[37],"ideas":[39],"matched":[41],"filter":[42],"background":[44],"estimation":[45],"are":[46,62,75],"adopted":[47],"to":[48,64,102],"enhance":[49],"true":[50],"suppress":[53,112],"complex":[54,134],"background,":[55,86],"then":[56],"both":[57],"ratio":[58],"difference":[60,89],"operations":[61],"used":[63],"calculate":[65],"SLCM.":[67],"function":[71],"definition,":[72],"three":[73],"components":[74],"considered:":[76],"characteristics":[78,83],"target,":[81],"between":[90],"them.":[91],"Especially,":[92],"an":[93],"improved":[94],"regional":[95],"intensity":[96],"level":[97],"(IRIL)":[98],"proposed":[101,125],"evaluate":[103],"complexity":[105],"cell,":[108],"thus":[109],"can":[111,127],"random":[113],"noises":[114],"better.":[115],"Experiments":[116],"on":[117],"some":[118],"real":[119],"IR":[120],"images":[121],"show":[122],"that":[123],"WSLCM":[126],"achieve":[128],"better":[130],"performance":[132],"under":[133],"background.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":134},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}