{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016042427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2020.2982053","title":"A Universal Ratio Snow Index for Fractional Snow Cover Estimation","display_name":"A Universal Ratio Snow Index for Fractional Snow Cover Estimation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016042427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2020.2982053","mag":"3016042427"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2020.2982053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2020.2982053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022712425","display_name":"Gongxue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-1388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128053","display_name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth","ror":"https://ror.org/02cjszf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gongxue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128053","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056336938","display_name":"Lingmei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9847-9034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128053","display_name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth","ror":"https://ror.org/02cjszf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingmei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128053","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006636279","display_name":"Jiancheng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6163-2912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiancheng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Aerospace Information Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Aerospace Information Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101472676","display_name":"Xu Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3072-8479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128053","display_name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth","ror":"https://ror.org/02cjszf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128053","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022712425"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I4210128053","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2666,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78264185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"721","last_page":"725"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.7405494451522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow-cover","display_name":"Snow cover","score":0.7238012552261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.6716036796569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.6694762706756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.390034019947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.34049034118652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3372630178928375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3234489858150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3212447464466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2668667137622833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21972376108169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12199625372886658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08795297145843506}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.7405494451522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983043445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow cover","level":3,"score":0.7238012552261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.6716036796569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6694762706756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.390034019947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.34049034118652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3372630178928375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3234489858150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3212447464466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2668667137622833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21972376108169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12199625372886658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08795297145843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2020.2982053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2020.2982053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3588841549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41671334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5764984294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA20100300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987882549","https://openalex.org/W1990226794","https://openalex.org/W2002604925","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2009026858","https://openalex.org/W2017496690","https://openalex.org/W2040001180","https://openalex.org/W2046339565","https://openalex.org/W2079797871","https://openalex.org/W2092764603","https://openalex.org/W2103794190","https://openalex.org/W2122219732","https://openalex.org/W2122965290","https://openalex.org/W2125368795","https://openalex.org/W2164453447","https://openalex.org/W2204998988","https://openalex.org/W2896964948","https://openalex.org/W2900514107"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2910852340","https://openalex.org/W2913143114","https://openalex.org/W1965757266","https://openalex.org/W4393423908","https://openalex.org/W169748493","https://openalex.org/W2355295607","https://openalex.org/W2558750709","https://openalex.org/W2794501863","https://openalex.org/W3137012456","https://openalex.org/W3081648815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,135],"moderate":[1,210],"resolution":[2],"imaging":[3],"spectroradiometer":[4],"(MODIS)":[5],"snow":[6,15,38,64,108,125],"algorithm":[7],"has":[8,92],"been":[9],"used":[10],"to":[11,119],"generate":[12],"global":[13],"fractional":[14],"cover":[16],"(FSC)":[17],"at":[18],"a":[19,26,61,151],"pixel":[20],"size":[21],"of":[22,48,71,78,105,138,221],"500":[23],"m":[24],"using":[25,122,187],"linear":[27,43,107,124,152,185],"regression":[28],"relationship":[29,44,153,186],"(called":[30],"\u201cFRA6T\u201d)":[31],"between":[32,113],"FSC":[33,121,148,195,211,222],"and":[34,75,82,115,141,160,166,208,228],"the":[35,42,49,69,72,76,79,103,106,123,132,184,199,217],"normalized":[36],"difference":[37],"index":[39,65,109,126],"(NDSI).":[40],"However,":[41],"is":[45,68,87,128,167,174,226,231,236],"problematic":[46],"because":[47,90],"considerable":[50],"NDSI":[51,114,159,176,201],"variation":[52],"in":[53,177,194],"nonsnow":[54],"conditions.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"letter,":[58],"we":[59],"propose":[60],"universal":[62],"ratio":[63,70],"(URSI),":[66],"which":[67],"visible":[73],"reflectance":[74],"sum":[77],"near":[80],"infrared":[81,84],"shortwave":[83],"reflectances.":[85],"It":[86],"called":[88],"\u201cuniversal\u201d":[89],"it":[91,173],"weak":[93],"sensitivity":[94],"under":[95],"snow-free":[96],"ground":[97],"conditions":[98,165],"and,":[99],"therefore,":[100],"can":[101,154],"improve":[102],"stability":[104],"methodology.":[110],"A":[111],"comparison":[112],"URSI":[116,161,171,188],"with":[117,198],"regard":[118],"estimate":[120],"methodology":[127],"carried":[129],"out":[130],"for":[131,157,162,170,175,205,209,224,229],"Tibetan":[133],"Plateau.":[134],"scatter":[136],"plots":[137],"MODIS":[139],"NDSI/URSI":[140],"Landsat-7":[142],"Enhanced":[143],"Thematic":[144],"Mapper":[145],"Plus":[146],"(ETM+)":[147],"indicate":[149],"that":[150,183],"be":[155],"assumed":[156],"both":[158],"barren":[163],"land":[164],"more":[168],"appropriate":[169],"than":[172],"forested":[178,206],"areas.":[179],"Validation":[180],"efforts":[181],"show":[182],"(designated":[189],"\u201cFracURSI\u201d)":[190],"achieves":[191],"fewer":[192],"errors":[193],"estimation":[196],"compared":[197],"developed":[200],"method":[202],"(\u201cFracNDSI\u201d),":[203],"particularly":[204],"areas":[207],"values.":[212],"Averaged":[213],"over":[214],"all":[215],"comparisons,":[216],"root-mean-square":[218],"error":[219],"(RMSE)":[220],"estimates":[223],"FRA6T":[225],"0.13,":[227],"FracNDSI":[230],"0.12,":[232],"whereas":[233],"FracURSI":[234],"RMSE":[235],"0.11.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
