{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976583275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2019.2939354","title":"A Convolutional Capsule Network for Traffic-Sign Recognition Using Mobile LiDAR Data With Digital Images","display_name":"A Convolutional Capsule Network for Traffic-Sign Recognition Using Mobile LiDAR Data With Digital Images","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976583275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2019.2939354","mag":"2976583275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2019.2939354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2019.2939354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035056634","display_name":"Haiyan Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-8721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haiyan Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065937604","display_name":"Yongtao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7204-9346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153869","display_name":"Huaiyin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0555ezg60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongtao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071358222","display_name":"Daifeng Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8966-2956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daifeng Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079601344","display_name":"Yufu Zang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-9629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufu Zang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022899104","display_name":"J. Y. Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-5395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Weather, School of Math and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Weather, School of Math and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101965084","display_name":"Aixia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4210-9982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160030","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Water Resource and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/04dg5b632","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160030"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aixia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160030"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613889","display_name":"Jonathan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7899-0049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035056634"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6204,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92147861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"1067","last_page":"1071"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.80115807056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.750464677810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6612306237220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.6514912843704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6444936990737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5182607173919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-recognition","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","score":0.49735644459724426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.4850708544254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4743598401546478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4732259511947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4598122537136078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4164994955062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.27744585275650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2574278712272644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.80115807056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.750464677810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6612306237220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.6514912843704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6444936990737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5182607173919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.49735644459724426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.4850708544254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4743598401546478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4732259511947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4598122537136078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4164994955062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27744585275650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2574278712272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2019.2939354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2019.2939354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1291064309","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LQ15D010001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1321507487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20180797","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1555234663","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20160427","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1623033645","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41801386","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2013456745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971414","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5371496492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41701529","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6168908700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41671454","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7436285539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61603146","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37997760","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2012742472","https://openalex.org/W2016065734","https://openalex.org/W2032832142","https://openalex.org/W2045388733","https://openalex.org/W2066327668","https://openalex.org/W2081780340","https://openalex.org/W2102402541","https://openalex.org/W2139137304","https://openalex.org/W2285948548","https://openalex.org/W2312582804","https://openalex.org/W2342737791","https://openalex.org/W2439667875","https://openalex.org/W2737992905","https://openalex.org/W2791560303","https://openalex.org/W2963703618","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6743446608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W4382897155","https://openalex.org/W4379231512","https://openalex.org/W4283820116","https://openalex.org/W4378699879","https://openalex.org/W3128164723","https://openalex.org/W4286647459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic-sign":[0],"recognition":[1,121],"plays":[2],"an":[3],"important":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,58,155],"road":[7],"transportation":[8],"systems.":[9],"This":[10],"letter":[11],"presents":[12],"a":[13,87,112,120],"novel":[14],"two-stage":[15],"method":[16,150],"for":[17],"detecting":[18],"and":[19,27,32,50,135,153,162],"recognizing":[20,156],"traffic":[21,36,157],"signs":[22,37,158],"from":[23,40],"mobile":[24,41],"Light":[25],"Detection":[26],"Ranging":[28],"(LiDAR)":[29],"point":[30,43],"clouds":[31],"digital":[33,76],"images.":[34,77],"First,":[35],"are":[38,66],"detected":[39,71],"LiDAR":[42],"cloud":[44],"data":[45,108],"according":[46],"to":[47,91,95],"their":[48],"geometrical":[49],"spectral":[51],"properties,":[52],"which":[53],"have":[54,102],"been":[55],"fully":[56],"studied":[57],"our":[59,136],"previous":[60,137],"work.":[61],"Afterward,":[62],"the":[63,70,74,80,92,104,130,148],"traffic-sign":[64,83,93],"patches":[65,94],"obtained":[67],"by":[68,111],"projecting":[69],"points":[72],"onto":[73],"registered":[75],"To":[78],"improve":[79],"performance":[81],"of":[82,123,159],"recognition,":[84],"we":[85],"apply":[86],"convolutional":[88,131],"capsule":[89],"network":[90,133],"classify":[96],"them":[97],"into":[98],"different":[99],"types.":[100],"We":[101],"evaluated":[103],"proposed":[105,149],"framework":[106],"on":[107],"sets":[109],"acquired":[110],"RIEGL":[113],"VMX-450":[114],"system.":[115],"Quantitative":[116],"evaluations":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119,147],"rate":[122],"0.957":[124],"is":[125],"achieved.":[126],"Comparative":[127],"studies":[128],"with":[129],"neural":[132],"(CNN)":[134],"supervised":[138],"Gaussian-Bernoulli":[139],"deep":[140],"Boltzmann":[141],"machine":[142],"(GB-DBM)":[143],"classifier":[144],"also":[145],"confirm":[146],"performs":[151],"effectively":[152],"robustly":[154],"various":[160],"types":[161],"conditions.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
