{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964603971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2019.2926530","title":"Filling Voids in Elevation Models Using a Shadow-Constrained Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"Filling Voids in Elevation Models Using a Shadow-Constrained Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964603971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2019.2926530","mag":"2964603971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2019.2926530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2019.2926530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014695220","display_name":"Guoshuai Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5037-4866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoshuai Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090385470","display_name":"Weimin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9622-5041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weimin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, Canada","Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086288842","display_name":"William A. P. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-0413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William A. P. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100767704","display_name":"Peng Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3949-985X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014695220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0067,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90707188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"592","last_page":"596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8221070170402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.8026386499404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6902186274528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.6673551797866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6263967156410217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow-mapping","display_name":"Shadow mapping","score":0.606381893157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5646766424179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.552593469619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5411995053291321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.4837927520275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-distance-weighting","display_name":"Inverse distance weighting","score":0.46483609080314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4612495005130768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4136022925376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3681887090206146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2933153212070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilinear-interpolation","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","score":0.27448201179504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18386021256446838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-interpolation","display_name":"Multivariate interpolation","score":0.12377235293388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.11714014410972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.0712222158908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06474408507347107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8221070170402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8026386499404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6902186274528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.6673551797866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6263967156410217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116544410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478122","display_name":"Shadow mapping","level":2,"score":0.606381893157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5646766424179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.552593469619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5411995053291321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.4837927520275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47872207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430701","display_name":"Inverse distance weighting","level":4,"score":0.46483609080314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4612495005130768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4136022925376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3681887090206146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2933153212070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.27448201179504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18386021256446838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203332170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6334079","display_name":"Multivariate interpolation","level":3,"score":0.12377235293388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.11714014410972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0712222158908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06474408507347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2019.2926530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2019.2926530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:172826","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-0413>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4268583371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18CX05014A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7061311086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2019MF019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7862965136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC1405600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1982919927","https://openalex.org/W1990128059","https://openalex.org/W2032709686","https://openalex.org/W2076573461","https://openalex.org/W2084744129","https://openalex.org/W2240771474","https://openalex.org/W2590351678","https://openalex.org/W2611950400","https://openalex.org/W2755431016","https://openalex.org/W2791175094","https://openalex.org/W2804902458","https://openalex.org/W2901262527","https://openalex.org/W2963006576","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6733692256","https://openalex.org/W6765319534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148155918","https://openalex.org/W2462682329","https://openalex.org/W2053526712","https://openalex.org/W4206741056","https://openalex.org/W3040595263","https://openalex.org/W1621772017","https://openalex.org/W4239147863","https://openalex.org/W2909855017","https://openalex.org/W2352163239","https://openalex.org/W2084918444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,17,40],"explore":[1],"the":[2,56,69,85,92,97,148,156,163],"use":[3,73],"of":[4,113],"convolutional":[5,25],"neural":[6],"networks":[7],"(CNNs)":[8],"for":[9],"filling":[10],"voids":[11],"in":[12,36,89],"digital":[13],"elevation":[14],"models":[15],"(DEM).":[16],"propose":[18],"a":[19,23,37,45],"baseline":[20,143],"approach":[21],"using":[22],"fully":[24],"network":[26,101],"to":[27,44,59,61,83,91,161],"predict":[28],"complete":[29],"from":[30,106],"incomplete":[31,108],"DEMs,":[32],"which":[33],"is":[34,117,120],"trained":[35],"supervised":[38],"fashion.":[39],"then":[41],"extend":[42],"this":[43],"shadow-constrained":[46],"CNN":[47,124,144],"(SCCNN)":[48],"by":[49,65,122],"introducing":[50],"additional":[51],"loss":[52],"functions":[53],"that":[54,118,136],"encourage":[55],"restored":[57,104],"DEM":[58,94],"adhere":[60],"geometric":[62,128],"constraints":[63],"implied":[64],"cast":[66,76],"shadows.":[67],"At":[68,96],"training":[70],"time,":[71,99],"we":[72],"automatically":[74],"extracted":[75],"shadow":[77,129,157],"maps":[78],"and":[79,127,145],"known":[80],"sun":[81],"directions":[82],"compute":[84],"shadow-based":[86],"supervisory":[87],"signal":[88],"addition":[90],"direct":[93],"supervision.":[95],"test":[98],"our":[100,114,142],"directly":[102],"predicts":[103],"DEMs":[105],"an":[107],"DEM.":[109],"One":[110],"key":[111],"advantage":[112],"SCCNN":[115,146,160],"model":[116],"it":[119],"characterized":[121],"both":[123],"data":[125,134],"inference":[126],"cues.":[130],"It":[131],"thus":[132],"avoids":[133],"restoration":[135],"may":[137],"violate":[138],"shadowing":[139],"conditions.":[140],"Both":[141],"outperform":[147],"inverse":[149],"distance":[150],"weighting":[151],"(IDW)-based":[152],"interpolation":[153],"method,":[154],"with":[155],"supervision":[158],"enabling":[159],"obtain":[162],"best":[164],"performance.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}