{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889674466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2018.2856185","title":"High-Frequency Over-the-Horizon Radar in Canada","display_name":"High-Frequency Over-the-Horizon Radar in Canada","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889674466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2018.2856185","mag":"2889674466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2018.2856185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2018.2856185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060595702","display_name":"T. Thayaparan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2394-902X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thayananthan Thayaparan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2394-902X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102025127","display_name":"Yousef Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-1724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yousef Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029647335","display_name":"John Polak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Polak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030277796","display_name":"R. J. Riddolls","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Riddolls","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060595702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0076,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86517697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"11","first_page":"1700","last_page":"1704"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/over-the-horizon-radar","display_name":"Over-the-horizon radar","score":0.9199855923652649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6929819583892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.6288517713546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.600247859954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5933637619018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.567865252494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-control-radar","display_name":"Fire-control radar","score":0.5382219552993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skywave","display_name":"Skywave","score":0.5331436991691589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.4687120318412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-radar","display_name":"3D radar","score":0.4569469094276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.43569493293762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4230625033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.3957021236419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.36232292652130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.3121567964553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2996842861175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.22571232914924622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.16785576939582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1528007686138153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14435085654258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12337148189544678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183617614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332548","display_name":"Over-the-horizon radar","level":3,"score":0.9199855923652649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6929819583892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.6288517713546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.600247859954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5933637619018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.567865252494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84236424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028695","display_name":"Fire-control radar","level":5,"score":0.5382219552993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45860500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639901","display_name":"Skywave","level":3,"score":0.5331436991691589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.4687120318412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81076408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229387","display_name":"3D radar","level":5,"score":0.4569469094276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.43569493293762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4230625033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.3957021236419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.36232292652130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.3121567964553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2996842861175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.22571232914924622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.16785576939582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1528007686138153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14435085654258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12337148189544678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2018.2856185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2018.2856185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178328442","https://openalex.org/W1632098749","https://openalex.org/W1973307303","https://openalex.org/W1982494984","https://openalex.org/W1982965867","https://openalex.org/W2124715982","https://openalex.org/W2133943582","https://openalex.org/W2137899297","https://openalex.org/W2172208801","https://openalex.org/W2430676936","https://openalex.org/W2588308723","https://openalex.org/W2622076290","https://openalex.org/W2915125769","https://openalex.org/W4213019392","https://openalex.org/W6607219178"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2784113829","https://openalex.org/W2131975504","https://openalex.org/W2903084237","https://openalex.org/W1931168338","https://openalex.org/W2100579186","https://openalex.org/W2577529645","https://openalex.org/W2626021489","https://openalex.org/W2100263719","https://openalex.org/W2532810734","https://openalex.org/W2102034439"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over-the-horizon":[0],"radars":[1,23],"(OTHRs)":[2],"have":[3],"recently":[4],"been":[5],"making":[6],"a":[7,40,50,85],"comeback":[8],"in":[9,47,113],"Canada.":[10,114],"As":[11],"the":[12,58,69],"need":[13],"for":[14,29,81,105],"accurate":[15],"long-range":[16,32],"tracking":[17],"becomes":[18],"more":[19,30],"important,":[20],"less-expensive":[21],"ground-based":[22],"are":[24,65],"once":[25],"again":[26],"being":[27],"considered":[28],"effective":[31],"surveillance":[33],"of":[34,53,99],"Canadian":[35],"airspace.":[36],"Ray":[37],"tracing":[38,88],"is":[39],"powerful":[41],"tool":[42],"and":[43,79,90,94,109],"is,":[44],"especially,":[45],"useful":[46],"applications":[48,112],"requiring":[49],"detailed":[51],"knowledge":[52],"radio":[54],"wave":[55],"propagation":[56],"through":[57],"ionosphere.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"letter,":[62],"new":[63],"methods":[64],"developed":[66],"to":[67],"determine":[68],"feasible":[70],"radar":[71],"parameters":[72],"such":[73],"as":[74],"operating":[75],"frequencies,":[76],"elevation":[77],"angles,":[78],"absorption":[80,95],"OTHR":[82,111],"operation":[83],"using":[84],"3-D":[86],"ray":[87],"technique":[89],"up-to-date":[91],"ionospheric,":[92],"magnetic,":[93],"models.":[96],"The":[97],"results":[98],"these":[100],"simulations":[101],"can":[102],"be":[103],"used":[104],"frequency":[106],"monitoring":[107],"systems":[108],"other":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}