{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2781632374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2017.2787421","title":"A Massively Parallel Deep Rule-Based Ensemble Classifier for Remote Sensing Scenes","display_name":"A Massively Parallel Deep Rule-Based Ensemble Classifier for Remote Sensing Scenes","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2781632374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2017.2787421","mag":"2781632374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2017.2787421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2017.2787421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/89452/1/RSletter_DRBensemble_final.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100623335","display_name":"Xiaowei Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-4761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039480864","display_name":"Plamen Angelov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-934X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31151848","display_name":"Technical University of Sofia","ror":"https://ror.org/052prhs50","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["BG","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Plamen P. Angelov","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K","Technical University, Sofia, Bulgaria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University, Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004750246","display_name":"Ce Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5100-3584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ce Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000622487","display_name":"Peter M. Atkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-6880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter M. Atkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100623335"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7771,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97857916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"345","last_page":"349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.831541895866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7121471166610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallelizable-manifold","display_name":"Parallelizable manifold","score":0.7060118913650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-parallel","display_name":"Massively parallel","score":0.6881036162376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.625389814376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-rule","display_name":"Fuzzy rule","score":0.5683718323707581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5635407567024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5375921726226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4545043110847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44663143157958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.4216192960739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-set","display_name":"Fuzzy set","score":0.4137517213821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3409419357776642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14745086431503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.08341735601425171}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.831541895866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7121471166610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148047603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1014612","display_name":"Parallelizable manifold","level":2,"score":0.7060118913650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544384","display_name":"Massively parallel","level":2,"score":0.6881036162376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.625389814376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511139","display_name":"Fuzzy rule","level":4,"score":0.5683718323707581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5635407567024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5375921726226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4545043110847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44663143157958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.4216192960739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.4137517213821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3409419357776642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14745086431503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.08341735601425171}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2017.2787421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2017.2787421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:89452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/89452/1/RSletter_DRBensemble_final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:90206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/90206/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/1f27ad95-bb24-4461-b3a2-eafbf91be9bf","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85041527392&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gu, X, Angelov, P P, Zhang, C & Atkinson, P M 2018, 'A Massively Parallel Deep Rule-Based Ensemble Classifier for Remote Sensing Scenes', IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 345-349. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2017.2787421","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:publications/1f27ad95-bb24-4461-b3a2-eafbf91be9bf","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/1f27ad95-bb24-4461-b3a2-eafbf91be9bf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gu, X, Angelov, P P, Zhang, C & Atkinson, P M 2018, 'A Massively Parallel Deep Rule-Based Ensemble Classifier for Remote Sensing Scenes', IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 345-349. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2017.2787421","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:89452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/89452/1/RSletter_DRBensemble_final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2781632374.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1912954554","https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W2001123951","https://openalex.org/W2006603039","https://openalex.org/W2077689834","https://openalex.org/W2081717961","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2104371740","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2514913517","https://openalex.org/W2515866431","https://openalex.org/W2570214200","https://openalex.org/W2588561483","https://openalex.org/W2599857737","https://openalex.org/W2616206252","https://openalex.org/W2809545281","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W3105577662","https://openalex.org/W4248710273","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6752852301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285069850","https://openalex.org/W2891970004","https://openalex.org/W1996916724","https://openalex.org/W4240963716","https://openalex.org/W1974634278","https://openalex.org/W1596637634","https://openalex.org/W2321918740","https://openalex.org/W2154273227","https://openalex.org/W1776186222","https://openalex.org/W2083536291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,41,53,90],"new":[6],"approach":[7,109],"for":[8],"remote":[9],"sensing":[10],"scene":[11],"classification":[12],"by":[13,117],"creating":[14],"an":[15],"ensemble":[16,82],"of":[17,32,40,45,106],"the":[18,69,76,79,103,107,118],"recently":[19],"introduced":[20],"massively":[21,42],"parallel":[22,43],"deep":[23,71],"(fuzzy)":[24],"rule-based":[25],"(DRB)":[26],"classifiers":[27],"trained":[28],"with":[29,52,111],"different":[30],"levels":[31],"spatial":[33],"information":[34],"separately.":[35],"Each":[36],"DRB":[37,57,81,119],"classifier":[38,58],"consists":[39],"set":[44,101],"human-interpretable,":[46],"transparent":[47,91],"zero-order":[48],"fuzzy":[49,113],"IF...THEN...":[50],"rules":[51,114],"prototype-based":[54],"nature.":[55],"The":[56],"can":[59],"self-organize":[60],"\u201cfrom":[61],"scratch\u201d":[62],"and":[63,92],"self-evolve":[64],"its":[65],"structure.":[66],"By":[67],"employing":[68],"pretrained":[70],"convolution":[72],"neural":[73],"network":[74],"as":[75],"feature":[77],"descriptor,":[78],"proposed":[80,108],"is":[83],"able":[84],"to":[85],"exhibit":[86],"human-level":[87],"performance":[88],"through":[89],"parallelizable":[93],"training":[94],"process.":[95],"Numerical":[96],"examples":[97],"using":[98],"benchmark":[99],"data":[100],"demonstrate":[102],"superior":[104],"accuracy":[105],"together":[110],"human-interpretable":[112],"autonomously":[115],"generated":[116],"classifier.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
