{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2403002074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2016.2562061","title":"Anisotropy Characteristics of Exposed Gravel Beds Revealed in High-Point-Density Airborne Laser Scanning Data","display_name":"Anisotropy Characteristics of Exposed Gravel Beds Revealed in High-Point-Density Airborne Laser Scanning Data","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2403002074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2016.2562061","mag":"2403002074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2016.2562061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2016.2562061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/83517/1/LGRS2562061.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028783466","display_name":"Guo-Hao Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo-Hao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042006556","display_name":"Chi\u2010Kuei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9058-3902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Kuei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9058-3902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101867799","display_name":"Fu\u2010Chun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-0409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu-Chun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000622487","display_name":"Peter M. Atkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-6880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter M. Atkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environment, Queen's University, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environment, Queen's University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6024,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74092676,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"1044","last_page":"1048"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy","display_name":"Anisotropy","score":0.877611517906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ellipse","display_name":"Ellipse","score":0.7900618314743042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6121339797973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variogram","display_name":"Variogram","score":0.5724235773086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.5037869811058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.48904451727867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.47263452410697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.4613504409790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.4388159513473511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.43008002638816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.38472792506217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.3648069500923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3509347438812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineralogy","display_name":"Mineralogy","score":0.33555346727371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24157676100730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23776459693908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20047897100448608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15487027168273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.14755898714065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.07849299907684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.07764947414398193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.877611517906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74261601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40112","display_name":"Ellipse","level":2,"score":0.7900618314743042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6121339797973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154881674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269270","display_name":"Variogram","level":3,"score":0.5724235773086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.5037869811058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48904451727867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.47263452410697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.4613504409790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.4388159513473511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.43008002638816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.38472792506217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3648069500923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3509347438812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.33555346727371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24157676100730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23776459693908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20047897100448608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15487027168273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14755898714065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07849299907684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.07764947414398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2016.2562061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2016.2562061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:83517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/83517/1/LGRS2562061.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:83517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/83517/1/LGRS2562061.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5610305909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 102-2119-M-006-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7212459765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 104-2811-M-006-041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2403002074.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2403002074.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76695563","https://openalex.org/W1652959173","https://openalex.org/W1981788586","https://openalex.org/W2040042207","https://openalex.org/W2047999804","https://openalex.org/W2057854876","https://openalex.org/W2058795382","https://openalex.org/W2083770652","https://openalex.org/W2111116530","https://openalex.org/W2114827493","https://openalex.org/W2156134352","https://openalex.org/W2912954225","https://openalex.org/W4244847057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W2001220299","https://openalex.org/W4323518558","https://openalex.org/W3196715007","https://openalex.org/W2286704396","https://openalex.org/W2366440988","https://openalex.org/W2358582870","https://openalex.org/W4293059742","https://openalex.org/W2386005577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122],"aim":[1],"of":[2,14,29,42,72,83,108,143,177,187,198],"this":[3,48],"study":[4],"was":[5,67],"to":[6,94,103,112,127,157],"examine":[7],"the":[8,11,26,39,63,81,95,105,114,120,128,169,178,185,188,191,196,199],"relationship":[9],"between":[10],"anisotropy":[12,27,109],"direction":[13,28,82,117,160],"exposed":[15],"gravel":[16,31,60],"bed":[17,32],"and":[18,62,134,146],"flow":[19,129,148,159,163],"direction.":[20],"Previous":[21],"studies":[22],"have":[23],"shown":[24],"that":[25,151,168],"a":[30,59,70,181],"surface":[33,45],"can":[34],"be":[35,155],"visually":[36],"determined":[37],"in":[38,119],"elliptical":[40,175],"contours":[41,186],"2-D":[43],"variogram":[44],"(2DVS).":[46],"In":[47],"letter,":[49],"airborne":[50],"laser":[51],"scanning":[52],"(ALS)":[53],"point":[54],"clouds":[55],"were":[56,125],"acquired":[57],"at":[58,161],"bed,":[61],"whole":[64],"data":[65],"set":[66],"divided":[68],"into":[69],"series":[71],"6":[73,76],"m":[74,77],"\u00d7":[75],"subsets.":[78],"To":[79],"estimate":[80,104],"anisotropy,":[84],"we":[85,166],"proposed":[86],"an":[87],"ellipse-fitting-based":[88],"automatic":[89],"procedure":[90],"with":[91],"consideration":[92],"given":[93],"grain":[96],"size":[97],"characteristic":[98],"d":[99],"<sub":[100],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[101],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">50</sub>":[102],"primary":[106,115],"axis":[107],"[hereafter":[110],"referred":[111],"as":[113],"continuity":[116],"(PCD)]":[118],"2DVS.":[121],"ALS-derived":[123,144,152,170],"PCDs":[124,145,153,171],"compared":[126],"directions":[130,149],"(for":[131],"both":[132],"high":[133],"low":[135],"flow)":[136],"derived":[137],"from":[138,173],"hydrodynamic":[139],"model":[140],"simulation.":[141],"Comparison":[142],"simulated":[147],"suggested":[150],"could":[154],"used":[156],"infer":[158],"different":[162],"rates.":[164],"Furthermore,":[165],"found":[167],"estimated":[172],"any":[174],"contour":[176],"2DVS":[179,189],"exhibited":[180],"similar":[182],"orientation":[183],"when":[184],"reveal":[190],"clear":[192],"anisotropic":[193],"structure,":[194],"demonstrating":[195],"robustness":[197],"technique.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
