{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095583803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2015.2404912","title":"Relative Ionospheric Ranging Delay in LEO GNSS Oceanic Reflections","display_name":"Relative Ionospheric Ranging Delay in LEO GNSS Oceanic Reflections","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095583803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2015.2404912","mag":"2095583803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2015.2404912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2015.2404912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041280777","display_name":"Jordi Xing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jordi Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","Dept. of Mater., Mech. & Aerosp. Eng., Illinois Inst. of Technol., Chicago, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mater., Mech. & Aerosp. Eng., Illinois Inst. of Technol., Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039196795","display_name":"Seebany Datta\u2010Barua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7685-5625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seebany Datta-Barua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","Dept. of Mater., Mech. & Aerosp. Eng., Illinois Inst. of Technol., Chicago, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mater., Mech. & Aerosp. Eng., Illinois Inst. of Technol., Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044659164","display_name":"James L. Garrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-9834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Garrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018758491","display_name":"A. J. Ridley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6933-8534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Ridley","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009753213","display_name":"Boris Pervan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-2499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Pervan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","Dept. of Mater., Mech. & Aerosp. Eng., Illinois Inst. of Technol., Chicago, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mater., Mech. & Aerosp. Eng., Illinois Inst. of Technol., Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041280777"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83864478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"7","first_page":"1416","last_page":"1420"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7742893695831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.6473835706710815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5238309502601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.46375516057014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.41679224371910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3972093164920807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.322598934173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3130861818790436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.1657995581626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12974175810813904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7742893695831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6473835706710815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5238309502601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.46375516057014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.41679224371910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3972093164920807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.322598934173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3130861818790436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.1657995581626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12974175810813904}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2015.2404912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2015.2404912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482723106","https://openalex.org/W1600918315","https://openalex.org/W1641514922","https://openalex.org/W1660767182","https://openalex.org/W1860649799","https://openalex.org/W1963834619","https://openalex.org/W1979154650","https://openalex.org/W1985071698","https://openalex.org/W1986964719","https://openalex.org/W1988028527","https://openalex.org/W2001149584","https://openalex.org/W2022050692","https://openalex.org/W2064672737","https://openalex.org/W2077595139","https://openalex.org/W2086639861","https://openalex.org/W2086830650","https://openalex.org/W2103598124","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2109362828","https://openalex.org/W2140372733","https://openalex.org/W2166105691","https://openalex.org/W2171074980","https://openalex.org/W2324890702","https://openalex.org/W2483834655","https://openalex.org/W2513228678","https://openalex.org/W2979562478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765672153","https://openalex.org/W2153741582","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2356895184","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2916802843","https://openalex.org/W2064660797","https://openalex.org/W3005924041","https://openalex.org/W1988145424","https://openalex.org/W20579766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"Navigation":[1],"Satellite":[2],"System":[3],"(GNSS)":[4],"reflectometry":[5,68,233],"leverages":[6],"signals":[7,110],"of":[8,19,40,42,60,75,114,141,198,210,226],"opportunity":[9],"to":[10,51,164,190],"remotely":[11],"sense":[12],"the":[13,38,43,57,76,83,102,128,132,151,177,186,194,208,216,227],"Earth's":[14],"surface":[15],"for":[16],"a":[17,66,73,112,139],"variety":[18],"science":[20],"investigations.":[21],"However,":[22],"ionospheric":[23,44,78,125,159,174,187,202,228],"refraction":[24,118],"affects":[25],"GNSS":[26,36,62,232],"reflections":[27],"detected":[28],"at":[29],"low":[30,170],"Earth":[31],"orbit":[32,196],"(LEO).":[33],"While":[34],"multifrequency":[35],"enables":[37],"elimination":[39],"most":[41],"error,":[45],"single-frequency":[46,67],"missions":[47],"are":[48,235],"still":[49],"susceptible":[50],"this":[52,70],"ranging":[53],"delay.":[54],"Motivated":[55],"by":[56],"planned":[58],"launch":[59],"Cyclone":[61],"(CYGNSS)":[63],"in":[64,101,230],"2016,":[65],"mission,":[69],"letter":[71],"presents":[72],"simulation":[74],"relative":[77],"delay":[79,100,203,229],"that":[80,94,157,169],"will":[81,204],"shift":[82],"Delay-Doppler":[84],"Map":[85],"(DDM)":[86],"data":[87],"product.":[88],"A":[89],"mathematical":[90],"model":[91,105,129],"is":[92,161],"presented":[93],"defines":[95],"and":[96,108,120,134,146,168,191,220],"characterizes":[97],"signal":[98,218],"propagation":[99],"DDM.":[103],"The":[104,201],"differentiates":[106],"direct":[107,133],"reflected":[109,135,178],"as":[111,138],"sum":[113],"path":[115],"lengths,":[116],"atmospheric":[117],"effects,":[119],"noise.":[121],"We":[122],"simulate":[123],"representative":[124],"delays":[126],"from":[127],"associated":[130],"with":[131],"ray":[136],"paths":[137],"function":[140],"satellite":[142,165],"elevation":[143,166],"angle,":[144],"latitude,":[145],"solar":[147,182],"activity.":[148],"Simulation":[149],"using":[150],"International":[152],"Reference":[153],"Ionosphere":[154],"2007":[155],"shows":[156],"differential":[158],"content":[160],"inversely":[162],"proportional":[163],"angle":[167],"latitudes":[171],"present":[172],"larger":[173],"impacts":[175],"on":[176],"signals.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"high":[181],"activity":[183],"conditions":[184],"lift":[185],"density":[188],"profile":[189],"possibly":[192],"above":[193],"CYGNSS":[195,217],"altitude":[197],"500":[199],"km.":[200],"not":[205],"generally":[206],"affect":[207,215],"estimation":[209],"wind":[211],"speed":[212],"but":[213],"may":[214],"acquisition":[219],"open":[221],"loop":[222],"tracking":[223],"process.":[224],"Implications":[225],"other":[231],"applications":[234],"also":[236],"discussed.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}