{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1984793106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2379474","title":"Satellite Observations of Upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea","display_name":"Satellite Observations of Upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1984793106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2379474","mag":"1984793106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2014.2379474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2379474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056521616","display_name":"George Wiafe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3575-8850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138690464","display_name":"University of Ghana","ror":"https://ror.org/01r22mr83","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George Wiafe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana","Dept. of Marine & Fisheries Sci., Univ. of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Marine & Fisheries Sci., Univ. of Ghana, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079026239","display_name":"Ebenezer S. Nyadjro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8803-5245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27841520","display_name":"NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03crn0n59","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I27841520","https://openalex.org/I2802992173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ebenezer S. Nyadjro","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA","Nat. Oceanic & Atmos. Adm. Pacific Marine Environ. Lab., Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27841520"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nat. Oceanic & Atmos. Adm. Pacific Marine Environ. Lab., Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27841520"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056521616"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138690464"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0479,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78372188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"1066","last_page":"1070"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upwelling","display_name":"Upwelling","score":0.9888182878494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ekman-transport","display_name":"Ekman transport","score":0.8056614398956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-stress","display_name":"Wind stress","score":0.7275210022926331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6808527112007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-temperature","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","score":0.6499388813972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.6492882966995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.5561915040016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forcing","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","score":0.5258703231811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kelvin-wave","display_name":"Kelvin wave","score":0.5243180990219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4642387926578522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149348798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215915","display_name":"Upwelling","level":2,"score":0.9888182878494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130333735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323309","display_name":"Ekman transport","level":3,"score":0.8056614398956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100858432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8024052","display_name":"Wind stress","level":2,"score":0.7275210022926331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6808527112007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.6499388813972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.6492882966995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5561915040016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5258703231811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73421765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1738426","display_name":"Kelvin wave","level":2,"score":0.5243180990219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4642387926578522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2014.2379474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2379474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309475","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332375","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W560723286","https://openalex.org/W1927817301","https://openalex.org/W1973443548","https://openalex.org/W1976700508","https://openalex.org/W1977343249","https://openalex.org/W1981819221","https://openalex.org/W1983610859","https://openalex.org/W2008309616","https://openalex.org/W2008858754","https://openalex.org/W2009936061","https://openalex.org/W2023613706","https://openalex.org/W2043862440","https://openalex.org/W2055795439","https://openalex.org/W2078064119","https://openalex.org/W2088847045","https://openalex.org/W2089070301","https://openalex.org/W2090757189","https://openalex.org/W2097184611","https://openalex.org/W2112301879","https://openalex.org/W2121632089","https://openalex.org/W2133706561","https://openalex.org/W2147711224","https://openalex.org/W2158829590","https://openalex.org/W2164272861","https://openalex.org/W2176811245","https://openalex.org/W2276851384","https://openalex.org/W2282614152","https://openalex.org/W2738953799","https://openalex.org/W2744106438","https://openalex.org/W2970918122","https://openalex.org/W4234923319","https://openalex.org/W6694515108","https://openalex.org/W6695723308","https://openalex.org/W6742867248","https://openalex.org/W6807117716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296830449","https://openalex.org/W2586878935","https://openalex.org/W3148624395","https://openalex.org/W3212478486","https://openalex.org/W4324358457","https://openalex.org/W2541748730","https://openalex.org/W4294584585","https://openalex.org/W3092701581","https://openalex.org/W1984793106","https://openalex.org/W1995488519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82],"classical":[1],"case":[2],"of":[3,21,29,44,68,85,144],"favorable":[4],"winds":[5,128],"driving":[6],"coastal":[7,76],"upwelling":[8,15,45,116,137],"does":[9],"not":[10,112],"adequately":[11],"account":[12],"for":[13],"the":[14,18,27,42,47,74,91,99,115,121,130,150],"observed":[16,71,119],"along":[17,73,120,149],"northwestern":[19,151],"Gulf":[20],"Guinea":[22],"(GoG)":[23],"coast,":[24],"which":[25,64],"is":[26,65,70,118,125],"area":[28],"focus":[30],"in":[31,46,103,106,129],"this":[32],"letter.":[33],"Herein,":[34],"we":[35],"used":[36],"mainly":[37,72],"satellite-derived":[38],"data":[39],"to":[40,80,142],"examine":[41],"dynamics":[43],"study":[48],"area.":[49],"Upwelling":[50],"indexes":[51],"are":[52,89],"derived":[53],"from":[54,78],"sea":[55,145],"surface":[56],"temperature":[57],"(SST)":[58],"and":[59,147],"wind":[60,87],"influences.":[61],"Low":[62],"SST,":[63],"a":[66],"characteristic":[67],"upwelling,":[69],"entire":[75,122],"region":[77],"July":[79],"September.":[81],"relative":[83],"contributions":[84],"local":[86],"forcing":[88],"quantified;":[90],"wind-stress-driven":[92],"Ekman":[93,101],"transport":[94],"was":[95],"more":[96],"important":[97],"than":[98],"wind-stress-curl-driven":[100],"pumping":[102],"affecting":[104],"changes":[105],"SST.":[107],"They":[108],"both":[109],"however":[110],"do":[111],"entirely":[113],"explain":[114],"that":[117,127,140],"coast.":[123,153],"It":[124],"shown":[126],"western":[131],"equatorial":[132],"Atlantic":[133],"force":[134],"eastward":[135],"propagating":[136],"Kelvin":[138],"waves":[139],"lead":[141],"lowering":[143],"level":[146],"SST":[148],"GoG":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}