{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2054444106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2345561","title":"An Efficient Algorithm for Calculating Drainage Accumulation in Digital Elevation Models Based on the Basin Tree Index","display_name":"An Efficient Algorithm for Calculating Drainage Accumulation in Digital Elevation Models Based on the Basin Tree Index","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2054444106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2345561","mag":"2054444106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2014.2345561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2345561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011501774","display_name":"Cheng Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3540-0309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","[Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111200365","display_name":"Wei-Bin Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-bin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","[Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cun-jun Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141849","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161783","display_name":"GeoInformation (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05t4zqc79","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161783"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cun-jun Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geographic Information Center, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China","[Geographic Information Center, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geographic Information Center, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849","https://openalex.org/I4210161783"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Geographic Information Center, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022723905","display_name":"Chun-na Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141685","display_name":"Nanjing Surveying and Mapping Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/042t78q04","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141685"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141849","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-na Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surveying and Mapping Technology Institute, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China","[Surveying and Mapping Technology Institute, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surveying and Mapping Technology Institute, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141685","https://openalex.org/I4210141849","https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Surveying and Mapping Technology Institute, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045446348","display_name":"Zhicai Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi-cai Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","[Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050821368","display_name":"Xiao-can Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-can Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","[Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Space Information and Technique, Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011501774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9723,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81765162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"424","last_page":"428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.6982312202453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6221197247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5505400896072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-basin","display_name":"Structural basin","score":0.49394017457962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.4753318130970001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4732944369316101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4511108994483948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4405611753463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36558252573013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.25668060779571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.21375101804733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20589524507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13586142659187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.12914294004440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.12089568376541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11356386542320251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.6982312202453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6221197247505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5505400896072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.49394017457962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.4753318130970001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4732944369316101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4511108994483948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4405611753463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36558252573013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.25668060779571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.21375101804733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20589524507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13586142659187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.12914294004440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.12089568376541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11356386542320251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2014.2345561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2345561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1829798180","https://openalex.org/W1970644554","https://openalex.org/W1972622636","https://openalex.org/W1991970904","https://openalex.org/W2009318757","https://openalex.org/W2011447323","https://openalex.org/W2025924291","https://openalex.org/W2031619456","https://openalex.org/W2083801185","https://openalex.org/W2087536601","https://openalex.org/W2087884757","https://openalex.org/W2094887943","https://openalex.org/W2119298954","https://openalex.org/W2122492390","https://openalex.org/W2143296882","https://openalex.org/W2148797891","https://openalex.org/W2151897820","https://openalex.org/W2153978805","https://openalex.org/W2169427953","https://openalex.org/W2170876537","https://openalex.org/W6638742275","https://openalex.org/W6682555484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148155918","https://openalex.org/W2462682329","https://openalex.org/W4386906247","https://openalex.org/W2053526712","https://openalex.org/W4206741056","https://openalex.org/W3040595263","https://openalex.org/W1621772017","https://openalex.org/W4239147863","https://openalex.org/W2909855017","https://openalex.org/W2352163239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Calculating":[0],"drainage":[1,114,129,147],"accumulation":[2,148],"in":[3,97,178,214,257],"a":[4,10,21,58,83,87],"digital":[5],"elevation":[6,102],"model":[7],"(DEM)":[8],"is":[9,109,124,260],"common":[11],"requirement":[12],"for":[13,131,184,210],"hydrology":[14],"and":[15,44,70,73,89,92,103,162,186,196,205,222],"terrain":[16],"analysis.":[17],"This":[18,123],"letter":[19,259],"presents":[20],"basin":[22,88,133],"tree":[23],"index":[24],"(BTI)":[25],"algorithm":[26,189,232,256],"to":[27,60,67,74,119,127,159,190,218,262],"improve":[28],"the":[29,35,45,62,101,104,113,117,120,128,136,146,154,167,181,188,193,198,202,206,211,220,224,231,234,246,249,254],"efficiency":[30,47],"of":[31,38,48,99,248],"this":[32,258],"calculation,":[33],"achieving":[34],"time":[36],"complexity":[37],"<inline-formula":[39,49],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[40,50],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[41,51],"<tex-math":[42,52],"notation=\"TeX\">$O(N)$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[43],"input\u2013output":[46],"notation=\"TeX\">$O(\\hbox{Scan}(N))$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[53],".":[54],"We":[55],"have":[56],"developed":[57],"BTI":[59,81,255],"guide":[61],"calculation":[63,236],"sequence,":[64],"allowing":[65,187],"us":[66],"avoid":[68],"invalid":[69],"repeat":[71],"manipulation":[72],"reduce":[75],"random":[76],"scattered":[77],"data":[78,199,251],"access.":[79],"The":[80,227],"provides":[82,233],"one-to-one":[84],"correspondence":[85],"between":[86,201],"an":[90],"outlet,":[91],"it":[93,108],"maintains":[94],"cells":[95],"orderly":[96],"terms":[98],"both":[100],"spatial":[105],"distribution,":[106],"as":[107,238,245],"built":[110],"by":[111,152],"tracing":[112],"path":[115],"from":[116,135,156],"outlet":[118],"source":[121],"directly.":[122],"achieved":[125],"according":[126],"direction":[130],"each":[132],"extracted":[134],"DEM,":[137],"where":[138],"basins":[139,173,185],"are":[140],"divided":[141],"based":[142],"on":[143],"watersheds.":[144],"Therefore,":[145],"can":[149,175],"be":[150,176],"calculated":[151],"traversing":[153],"BTIs":[155,165],"their":[157],"leaves":[158],"roots":[160],"linearly":[161],"simultaneously.":[163],"These":[164],"divide":[166],"entire":[168],"study":[169],"area":[170],"into":[171],"several":[172],"that":[174,230],"processed":[177],"isolation,":[179],"reducing":[180],"search":[182],"scope":[183],"efficiently":[191],"utilize":[192],"main":[194,203],"memory":[195,204],"decrease":[197],"swapping":[200],"disk.":[207],"A":[208],"DEM":[209,250],"Zhejiang":[212],"Province":[213],"China":[215],"was":[216],"used":[217],"validate":[219],"results":[221,228],"compare":[223],"processing":[225],"speeds.":[226],"show":[229],"same":[235],"result":[237],"alternative":[239],"algorithms":[240],"but":[241],"becomes":[242],"more":[243],"efficient":[244],"volume":[247],"increases.":[252],"Furthermore,":[253],"easy":[261],"implement.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}