{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020225014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324616","title":"An Efficient Algorithm for Depression Filling and Flat-Surface Processing in Raster DEMs","display_name":"An Efficient Algorithm for Depression Filling and Flat-Surface Processing in Raster DEMs","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020225014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324616","mag":"2020225014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111200365","display_name":"Wei-Bin Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119388","display_name":"Zhejiang Science and Technology Information Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rzte064","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119388"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Bin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Information Technology Institute, Department of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Department of Earth Science, , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Information Technology Institute, Department of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119388"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Science, , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011501774","display_name":"Cheng Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3540-0309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119388","display_name":"Zhejiang Science and Technology Information Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rzte064","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119388"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Information Technology Institute, Department of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Department of Earth Science, , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Information Technology Institute, Department of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119388"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Science, , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104272379","display_name":"Chunna Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141685","display_name":"Nanjing Surveying and Mapping Research Institute (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/042t78q04","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141685"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141849","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Na Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surveying and Mapping Technology Institute, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China","Surveying & Mapping Technol. Inst., Zhejiang Adm. of Surveying Mapping & Geoinf., Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surveying and Mapping Technology Institute, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141685","https://openalex.org/I4210141849","https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surveying & Mapping Technol. Inst., Zhejiang Adm. of Surveying Mapping & Geoinf., Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002586476","display_name":"Xizhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0945-9858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119388","display_name":"Zhejiang Science and Technology Information Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rzte064","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119388"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi-Zhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Information Technology Institute, Department of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Department of Earth Science, , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Information Technology Institute, Department of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119388"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Science, , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cun-Jun Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141849","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161783","display_name":"GeoInformation (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05t4zqc79","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161783"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cun-Jun Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geographic Information Center, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China","Geographic Inf. Center, Zhejiang Adm. of Surveying Mapping & Geoinf., Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geographic Information Center, Zhejiang Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849","https://openalex.org/I4210161783"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geographic Inf. Center, Zhejiang Adm. of Surveying Mapping & Geoinf., Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055738403","display_name":"Xiaocan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1513-4103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119388","display_name":"Zhejiang Science and Technology Information Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rzte064","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119388"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Can Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Information Technology Institute, Department of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Department of Earth Science, , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Information Technology Institute, Department of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119388"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Science, , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111200365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119388","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85639521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"2198","last_page":"2202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.7721942663192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.767661452293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raster-graphics","display_name":"Raster graphics","score":0.7289373278617859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.6627011895179749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6296042203903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queue","display_name":"Queue","score":0.5428277850151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/priority-queue","display_name":"Priority queue","score":0.5048456788063049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.480419397354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2559252679347992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.22878488898277283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21373754739761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2134801149368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18579435348510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07832208275794983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.7721942663192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.767661452293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181844469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182270","display_name":"Raster graphics","level":2,"score":0.7289373278617859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.6627011895179749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6296042203903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160403385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543","display_name":"Queue","level":2,"score":0.5428277850151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26951474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629283","display_name":"Priority queue","level":3,"score":0.5048456788063049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.480419397354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2559252679347992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.22878488898277283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21373754739761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2134801149368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18579435348510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07832208275794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487341688","https://openalex.org/W2017086500","https://openalex.org/W2017782186","https://openalex.org/W2020957925","https://openalex.org/W2087536601","https://openalex.org/W2087884757","https://openalex.org/W2093856458","https://openalex.org/W2151897820","https://openalex.org/W2153978805","https://openalex.org/W2168563720","https://openalex.org/W2352982870","https://openalex.org/W2378410146","https://openalex.org/W2382827606","https://openalex.org/W6682555484","https://openalex.org/W7045340598","https://openalex.org/W7049355978"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992962589","https://openalex.org/W2093392189","https://openalex.org/W3032871857","https://openalex.org/W1743191351","https://openalex.org/W3104633800","https://openalex.org/W170908223","https://openalex.org/W189328514","https://openalex.org/W2143289692","https://openalex.org/W3049636605","https://openalex.org/W1974858599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Depressions":[0,19],"(or":[1,6],"pits)":[2],"and":[3,28,63,89,103,106,146,182],"flat":[4,29,68,104,160,208],"surfaces":[5,30,161],"flats)":[7],"are":[8,20,31],"general":[9],"types":[10,47],"of":[11,48,134,165,207],"terrain":[12,25,49],"in":[13,193],"raster":[14],"digital":[15],"elevation":[16,205],"models":[17],"(DEMs).":[18],"lower":[21],"areas":[22,32],"surrounded":[23],"by":[24,144],"without":[26],"outlets,":[27],"with":[33],"no":[34],"local":[35],"gradient.":[36],"To":[37],"extract":[38],"hydrologic":[39],"or":[40],"geomorphic":[41],"properties":[42],"from":[43],"DEMs,":[44],"these":[45],"two":[46,84],"need":[50],"to":[51,67,100,170,172,201,219],"be":[52],"addressed.":[53],"This":[54],"letter":[55],"presents":[56],"an":[57,117],"efficient":[58,139],"algorithm":[59,71,82,115,142,152,187,216],"for":[60,64,162,176],"filling":[61],"depressions":[62,102,156],"adding":[65],"increments":[66],"surfaces.":[69,209],"The":[70,80,95,113],"builds":[72],"on":[73],"previous":[74],"work,":[75],"offering":[76],"several":[77],"important":[78],"improvements.":[79],"improved":[81,114,151,186,215],"uses":[83,197],"queues:":[85],"a":[86,90,198],"priority":[87,108],"queue":[88,97,109],"\u201cfirst-in,":[91],"first-out\u201d":[92],"(FIFO)":[93],"queue.":[94],"FIFO":[96],"is":[98,128,137],"used":[99],"process":[101],"surfaces,":[105],"the":[107,131,141,150,163,185,203,214,223],"processes":[110],"other":[111],"terrain.":[112],"achieves":[116],"O(M":[118],"log":[119],"<sub":[120],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[121],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[122],"M)":[123],"time":[124],"complexity,":[125],"where":[126],"M":[127],"less":[129],"than":[130,140,222],"total":[132],"number":[133],"cells,":[135],"which":[136],"more":[138],"proposed":[143],"Wang":[145],"Liu.":[147],"In":[148,210],"addition,":[149],"not":[153,189],"only":[154],"fills":[155],"but":[157,196],"also":[158],"elevates":[159],"convenience":[164],"extracting":[166],"flow":[167],"directions.":[168],"Furthermore,":[169],"adapt":[171],"different":[173],"data":[174],"types,":[175],"example,":[177],"integer,":[178],"single-precision":[179],"floating":[180],"point,":[181],"double":[183],"precision,":[184],"does":[188],"alter":[190],"flat-surface":[191],"elevations":[192],"DEMs":[194],"directly":[195],"mask":[199],"matrix":[200],"mark":[202],"incremental":[204],"values":[206],"speed":[211],"comparison":[212],"testing,":[213],"performed":[217],"up":[218],"16%-32%":[220],"faster":[221],"original.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}