{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037387275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324276","title":"Cross-Polarization Radar Backscattering From the Ocean Surface and Its Dependence on Wind Velocity","display_name":"Cross-Polarization Radar Backscattering From the Ocean Surface and Its Dependence on Wind Velocity","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037387275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324276","mag":"2037387275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053342396","display_name":"Paul A. Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5683-9348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul A. Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","Remote Sensing. Div., Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing. Div., Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003569115","display_name":"William Perrie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319689352","display_name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/02qa1x782","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319689352","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800026062","display_name":"Bedford Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/03bz9t645","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800026062"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Perrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada","Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319689352","https://openalex.org/I2800026062"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319689352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074296693","display_name":"Biao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-8611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","[School of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94352378,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"2188","last_page":"2192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.7625585794448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.6913748383522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-direction","display_name":"Wind direction","score":0.5988447666168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.5771059989929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5639336109161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.5211018323898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.49747565388679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-wave","display_name":"Wind wave","score":0.45491743087768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.43123912811279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4244597554206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.374556303024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.3682248592376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.3666776716709137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3372293710708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.33480924367904663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.7625585794448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.6913748383522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107775477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057900","display_name":"Wind direction","level":3,"score":0.5988447666168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.5771059989929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5639336109161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5211018323898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.49747565388679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.45491743087768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.43123912811279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4244597554206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.374556303024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3682248592376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.3666776716709137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3372293710708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.33480924367904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2014.2324276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951681820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRL/JA/7260-14-0033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337628","funder_display_name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334436","display_name":"Canadian Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1gte98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337628","display_name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1648074782","https://openalex.org/W1966708666","https://openalex.org/W1968621060","https://openalex.org/W2010086826","https://openalex.org/W2012392621","https://openalex.org/W2013710622","https://openalex.org/W2017530008","https://openalex.org/W2030855045","https://openalex.org/W2059866795","https://openalex.org/W2068258889","https://openalex.org/W2077846631","https://openalex.org/W2096126582","https://openalex.org/W2100947941","https://openalex.org/W2108302798","https://openalex.org/W2112588501","https://openalex.org/W2122492910","https://openalex.org/W2128574079","https://openalex.org/W2133302014","https://openalex.org/W2168949884","https://openalex.org/W2327218957"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2288310241","https://openalex.org/W4321492268","https://openalex.org/W238980701","https://openalex.org/W2301582445","https://openalex.org/W170616846","https://openalex.org/W2112476022","https://openalex.org/W3082854019","https://openalex.org/W2303412596","https://openalex.org/W2517858430","https://openalex.org/W2838150878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"wind":[1,25,37,90,122,143,168,186],"retrieval":[2,123,169],"algorithms":[3],"using":[4],"crosspolarization":[5],"(cross-pol)":[6],"radar":[7,117],"sea":[8],"return":[9],"(VH)":[10],"assume":[11],"that":[12,193],"VH":[13,87,195],"is":[14,30,34,92,131,153,188],"independent":[15],"on":[16,89,97,184],"the":[17,24,57,63,74,78,86,98,101,111,125,141,157,162,167,173,177,185,194],"azimuth":[18,44,104,163],"angle":[19,28,47,114,159,164],"and":[20,45,53,69,82,103,161,171],"mainly":[21],"varies":[22],"with":[23,94,100],"speed.":[26],"Incidence":[27],"dependence":[29,88,160,165,183],"either":[31],"absent":[32],"or":[33],"only":[35],"in":[36,62,140,166,172],"speeds":[38],"less":[39],"than":[40],"21":[41],"m/s.":[42],"However,":[43],"incidence":[46,102,113,158],"variations":[48,99,130],"are":[49],"expected":[50],"since":[51],"theory":[52],"data":[54],"comparisons":[55],"show":[56,108],"dominance":[58],"of":[59,77,116,127,136,179],"surface":[60,80],"effects":[61],"scattering":[64],"mechanisms;":[65],"thus,":[66],"both":[67],"co-polarization":[68],"cross-pol":[70],"cross":[71],"sections":[72],"reflect":[73],"directional":[75],"distribution":[76],"ocean":[79],"roughness":[81],"wave":[83],"breaking.":[84],"Here,":[85],"velocity":[91],"analyzed":[93],"special":[95],"focus":[96],"angles.":[105],"The":[106,182],"results":[107],"that,":[109],"for":[110,120,145,176],"typical":[112],"range":[115],"images":[118],"used":[119],"hurricane":[121],"(20\u00b0-50\u00b0),":[124],"magnitude":[126],"these":[128],"angular":[129],"equivalent":[132],"to":[133,155],"a":[134],"difference":[135],"about":[137],"10":[138],"m/s":[139],"retrieved":[142],"speed":[144,187],"low-to-strong":[146],"winds":[147],"(~21":[148],"m/s)":[149],"as":[150],"well.":[151],"It":[152,191],"prudent":[154],"incorporate":[156],"algorithm":[170],"signal":[174,202],"simulation":[175],"design":[178],"next-generation":[180],"scatterometers.":[181],"also":[189],"examined.":[190],"reconfirms":[192],"sensitivity":[196],"increases":[197],"toward":[198],"high":[199],"winds,":[200],"but":[201],"saturation":[203],"may":[204],"occur.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
