{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067426630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2013.2252879","title":"Unsupervised Change Detection With Expectation-Maximization-Based Level Set","display_name":"Unsupervised Change Detection With Expectation-Maximization-Based Level Set","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067426630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2013.2252879","mag":"2067426630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2013.2252879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2013.2252879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014929862","display_name":"Ming Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-7309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["China University of Mining and Technology, School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, Xuzhou, China","Sch. of Environ. Sci. & Spatial Inf., China Univ. of Min. & Technol., Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China University of Mining and Technology, School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Environ. Sci. & Spatial Inf., China Univ. of Min. & Technol., Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644664","display_name":"Wenzhong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-7027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","Dept. of Land Surveying & Geoinf., Hong Kong Polytech. Univ., Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Land Surveying & Geoinf., Hong Kong Polytech. Univ., Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046346919","display_name":"Zhang Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0945-6613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China University of Mining and Technology, School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, Xuzhou, China","Sch. of Environ. Sci. & Spatial Inf., China Univ. of Min. & Technol., Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China University of Mining and Technology, School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Environ. Sci. & Spatial Inf., China Univ. of Min. & Technol., Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429518","display_name":"Chang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-316X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Urban and Environmental Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","Coll. of Urban & Environ. Sci., Central China Normal Univ., Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Urban and Environmental Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coll. of Urban & Environ. Sci., Central China Normal Univ., Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014929862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98059302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"210","last_page":"214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.820723295211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7179965376853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.6624598503112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6610259413719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6262712478637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6034387350082397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.4930271804332733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.4916883111000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4679853916168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/level-set","display_name":"Level set (data structures)","score":0.4512157440185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43121740221977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4236738681793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3763945698738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2980993390083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12492844462394714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.1234624981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.11107218265533447}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.820723295211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7179965376853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.6624598503112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6610259413719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6262712478637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6034387350082397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.4930271804332733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4916883111000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4679853916168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153008295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535093","display_name":"Level set (data structures)","level":2,"score":0.4512157440185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43121740221977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4236738681793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3763945698738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2980993390083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12492844462394714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.1234624981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.11107218265533447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2013.2252879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2013.2252879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/31701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/31701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979393293","https://openalex.org/W1991113069","https://openalex.org/W1996360227","https://openalex.org/W2020510048","https://openalex.org/W2027091505","https://openalex.org/W2036798369","https://openalex.org/W2042365185","https://openalex.org/W2096373566","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2116040950","https://openalex.org/W2131590603","https://openalex.org/W2132116135","https://openalex.org/W2133209019","https://openalex.org/W2139478903","https://openalex.org/W2140023211","https://openalex.org/W2157100165","https://openalex.org/W2160544350","https://openalex.org/W2164933168","https://openalex.org/W2165577558","https://openalex.org/W2170260354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2473373438","https://openalex.org/W2368486525","https://openalex.org/W805531662","https://openalex.org/W2077224612","https://openalex.org/W84255947","https://openalex.org/W2153481672","https://openalex.org/W2891133681","https://openalex.org/W2014842417","https://openalex.org/W3146343978","https://openalex.org/W4312864369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"level":[1,36,99,116],"set":[2,37,100,117],"method,":[3],"because":[4],"of":[5,9,19,48,74],"its":[6],"implicit":[7],"handling":[8],"topological":[10],"changes":[11,105],"and":[12,63,76,95,109,126,130,135],"low":[13],"sensitivity":[14],"to":[15,42,58,69,102,121,144],"noise,":[16],"is":[17,40,56,66,119],"one":[18],"the":[20,46,49,71,80,90,98,114,139],"most":[21],"effective":[22],"unsupervised":[23,146],"change":[24,147],"detection":[25,148],"techniques":[26],"for":[27],"remotely":[28],"sensed":[29],"images.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"letter,":[33],"an":[34],"expectation-maximization-based":[35],"method":[38,101,118],"(EMLS)":[39],"proposed":[41],"detect":[43,103],"changes.":[44],"First,":[45],"distribution":[47],"difference":[50,81],"image":[51],"generated":[52],"from":[53],"multitemporal":[54],"images":[55,132],"supposed":[57],"satisfy":[59],"Gaussian":[60],"mixture":[61],"model,":[62],"expectation-maximization":[64],"(EM)":[65],"then":[67],"used":[68],"estimate":[70],"mean":[72],"values":[73],"changed":[75,125],"unchanged":[77,127],"pixels":[78,123],"in":[79],"image.":[82],"Second,":[83],"two":[84],"new":[85],"energy":[86],"terms,":[87],"based":[88],"on":[89],"estimated":[91],"means,":[92],"are":[93],"defined":[94],"added":[96],"into":[97,124],"those":[104],"without":[106],"initial":[107],"contours":[108],"improve":[110],"final":[111],"accuracy.":[112],"Finally,":[113],"improved":[115],"implemented":[120],"partition":[122],"pixels.":[128],"Landsat":[129],"QuickBird":[131],"were":[133],"tested,":[134],"experimental":[136],"results":[137],"confirm":[138],"EMLS":[140],"effectiveness":[141],"when":[142],"compared":[143],"state-of-the-art":[145],"methods.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}