{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1987223221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2012.2226203","title":"Experimental Evaluation of the Range\u2013Doppler Coupling on HF Surface Wave Radars","display_name":"Experimental Evaluation of the Range\u2013Doppler Coupling on HF Surface Wave Radars","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1987223221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2012.2226203","mag":"1987223221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2012.2226203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2012.2226203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058397926","display_name":"Luigi Bruno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-0466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342391420","display_name":"NATO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation","ror":"https://ror.org/049z8cx69","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420","https://openalex.org/I4210123720","https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Bruno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","Res. Dept., Centre for Maritime Res. & Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Res. Dept., Centre for Maritime Res. & Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042374975","display_name":"Paolo Braca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3762-4373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342391420","display_name":"NATO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation","ror":"https://ror.org/049z8cx69","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420","https://openalex.org/I4210123720","https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Braca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","Res. Dept., Centre for Maritime Res. & Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Res. Dept., Centre for Maritime Res. & Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050788165","display_name":"Jochen Horstmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7979-5736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342391420","display_name":"NATO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation","ror":"https://ror.org/049z8cx69","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420","https://openalex.org/I4210123720","https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Horstmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","Res. Dept., Centre for Maritime Res. & Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Res. Dept., Centre for Maritime Res. & Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073818477","display_name":"Michele Vespe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-7266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342391420","display_name":"NATO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation","ror":"https://ror.org/049z8cx69","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420","https://openalex.org/I4210123720","https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Vespe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","Res. Dept., Centre for Maritime Res. & Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Res. Dept., Centre for Maritime Res. & Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342391420"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7071,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96055672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"850","last_page":"854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.7866654396057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6517586708068848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.6178808212280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.584152340888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-wave","display_name":"Surface wave","score":0.5813789963722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-doppler-radar","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","score":0.568205714225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5212826728820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4610968828201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4534369707107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-wave","display_name":"Wind wave","score":0.444479763507843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.4443243443965912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4035985469818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3536636233329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.2705037593841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.24080216884613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.17678937315940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17318519949913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.12085679173469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10730290412902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.08793127536773682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.7866654396057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6517586708068848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6178808212280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.584152340888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84174578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889796","display_name":"Surface wave","level":2,"score":0.5813789963722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.568205714225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5212826728820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4610968828201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4534369707107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.444479763507843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.4443243443965912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4035985469818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3536636233329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.2705037593841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.24080216884613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17678937315940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17318519949913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12085679173469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10730290412902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.08793127536773682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2012.2226203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2012.2226203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:81416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://elib.dlr.de/81416/1/06389706.pdf","pdf_url":"https://elib.dlr.de/81416/1/06389706.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenbeitrag"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966900671","https://openalex.org/W1967214157","https://openalex.org/W1981929146","https://openalex.org/W1984090089","https://openalex.org/W1986530935","https://openalex.org/W2026063657","https://openalex.org/W2065185729","https://openalex.org/W2066394905","https://openalex.org/W2073507950","https://openalex.org/W2091041953","https://openalex.org/W2105008441","https://openalex.org/W2107720987","https://openalex.org/W2138679083","https://openalex.org/W2162307459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978025251","https://openalex.org/W2361241744","https://openalex.org/W4252012301","https://openalex.org/W2900664875","https://openalex.org/W2235285389","https://openalex.org/W2086314607","https://openalex.org/W2581209175","https://openalex.org/W2022955050","https://openalex.org/W4381745278","https://openalex.org/W2067760748"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-frequency":[0],"surface":[1,11],"wave":[2],"radar":[3,26,126],"(HFSWR)":[4],"is":[5,28,60],"used":[6],"in":[7,22,37,51,56,68,85,124],"oceanography":[8,57],"to":[9,19,42,92],"monitor":[10],"wind":[12],"waves":[13],"and":[14,95,118],"currents":[15],"and,":[16],"more":[17],"recently,":[18],"detect":[20],"ships":[21],"maritime":[23],"surveillance.":[24],"The":[25],"accuracy":[27],"affected":[29],"by":[30,111],"range-Doppler":[31],"coupling,":[32],"which":[33],"yields":[34],"a":[35],"displacement":[36],"the":[38,43,48,52,76,86,97,104,112,116,125],"measured":[39],"range":[40,88,117],"proportional":[41],"target":[44],"radial":[45],"velocity,":[46],"i.e.,":[47],"Doppler":[49,119],"shift":[50],"returned":[53],"pulse.":[54],"Although":[55],"this":[58,72],"effect":[59],"usually":[61],"not":[62],"accounted":[63],"for,":[64],"its":[65],"relevance":[66],"grows":[67],"ship":[69],"detection.":[70],"In":[71],"letter,":[73],"we":[74,101],"present":[75],"results":[77],"of":[78,90],"two":[79],"experimental":[80],"data":[81],"sets":[82],"showing":[83],"displacements":[84],"HFSWR":[87],"measurements":[89],"up":[91],"300":[93],"m":[94],"confirming":[96],"theoretical":[98,108],"analysis.":[99],"Furthermore,":[100],"show":[102],"that":[103],"correction":[105],"based":[106],"on":[107],"arguments,":[109],"achieved":[110],"statistical":[113],"correlation":[114],"between":[115],"measurements,":[120],"provides":[121],"remarkable":[122],"improvement":[123],"accuracy.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
