{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2060815510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2011.2169390","title":"A Tomographic Approach for Helicopter-Borne Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging","display_name":"A Tomographic Approach for Helicopter-Borne Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2060815510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2011.2169390","mag":"2060815510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2011.2169390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2011.2169390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062866510","display_name":"Ilaria Catapano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-9992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197604219","display_name":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02eq2w707","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilaria Catapano","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Napoli, Italy","Inst. for Electromagn. Sensing of the Environ. (CNR-IREA), Nat. Res. Council of Italy, Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Electromagn. Sensing of the Environ. (CNR-IREA), Nat. Res. Council of Italy, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005119310","display_name":"Lorenzo Crocco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-3219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197604219","display_name":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02eq2w707","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Crocco","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Napoli, Italy","Inst. for Electromagn. Sensing of the Environ. (CNR-IREA), Nat. Res. Council of Italy, Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Electromagn. Sensing of the Environ. (CNR-IREA), Nat. Res. Council of Italy, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026828054","display_name":"Yvonne Krellmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yvonne Krellmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["RST Radar Systemtechnik GmbH, Salem, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RST Radar Systemtechnik GmbH, Salem, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070678757","display_name":"Gunnar Triltzsch","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunnar Triltzsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["RST Radar Systemtechnik GmbH, Salem, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RST Radar Systemtechnik GmbH, Salem, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081849411","display_name":"Francesco Soldovieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-3127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197604219","display_name":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02eq2w707","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Soldovieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Napoli, Italy","Inst. for Electromagn. Sensing of the Environ. (CNR-IREA), Nat. Res. Council of Italy, Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Electromagn. Sensing of the Environ. (CNR-IREA), Nat. Res. Council of Italy, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0818,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97733686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"378","last_page":"382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.8449753522872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7216522097587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.7175593376159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5757333636283875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomographic-reconstruction","display_name":"Tomographic reconstruction","score":0.5545064806938171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5416818261146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-radar","display_name":"Early-warning radar","score":0.5136020183563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-problem","display_name":"Inverse problem","score":0.46019721031188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/man-portable-radar","display_name":"Man-portable radar","score":0.4503806233406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.4205261468887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-scattering-problem","display_name":"Inverse scattering problem","score":0.41986793279647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.3919390141963959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35904762148857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.30804508924484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.25778186321258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10828036069869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10317361354827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09717896580696106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.8449753522872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7216522097587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.7175593376159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5757333636283875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97742081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7820109","display_name":"Tomographic reconstruction","level":3,"score":0.5545064806938171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5416818261146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71052889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16905219","display_name":"Early-warning radar","level":5,"score":0.5136020183563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.46019721031188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161475128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6746448","display_name":"Man-portable radar","level":5,"score":0.4503806233406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.4205261468887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174558057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11639409","display_name":"Inverse scattering problem","level":3,"score":0.41986793279647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.3919390141963959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35904762148857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.30804508924484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.25778186321258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10828036069869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10317361354827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09717896580696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2011.2169390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2011.2169390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52525226","https://openalex.org/W596928057","https://openalex.org/W1481674015","https://openalex.org/W1514248469","https://openalex.org/W1520664314","https://openalex.org/W1642507805","https://openalex.org/W1900749502","https://openalex.org/W1972436104","https://openalex.org/W1985210976","https://openalex.org/W2003015036","https://openalex.org/W2010640501","https://openalex.org/W2017120200","https://openalex.org/W2034019698","https://openalex.org/W2119712225","https://openalex.org/W2126476891","https://openalex.org/W2137400896","https://openalex.org/W2147718426","https://openalex.org/W2159614981","https://openalex.org/W2171226940","https://openalex.org/W2183672351","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602161971"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3214971438","https://openalex.org/W2413606832","https://openalex.org/W2547512259","https://openalex.org/W4251811315","https://openalex.org/W3123891013","https://openalex.org/W2026391109","https://openalex.org/W2023708958","https://openalex.org/W1797612156","https://openalex.org/W1993999197","https://openalex.org/W1986023002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Airborne":[0],"ground":[1],"penetrating":[2],"radar":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,30,42,65,72],"suitable":[6],"tool":[7],"to":[8,40],"perform":[9],"cost-effective":[10],"surveys":[11],"of":[12,15,37,64,78],"the":[13,22,38],"underground":[14],"large":[16],"possibly":[17],"nonaccessible":[18],"areas.":[19],"To":[20],"tackle":[21],"imaging":[23,47],"problem":[24],"underlying":[25],"this":[26],"technology,":[27],"we":[28],"propose":[29],"regularized":[31],"inverse":[32],"scattering":[33],"procedure.":[34],"The":[35],"capabilities":[36],"approach":[39],"achieve":[41],"stable":[43],"solution":[44],"and":[45],"its":[46],"performance":[48],"are":[49,74],"first":[50],"assessed":[51],"against":[52],"synthetic":[53],"data.":[54],"Then,":[55],"results":[56],"obtained":[57],"by":[58,62],"processing":[59],"data":[60],"collected":[61],"means":[63],"gated":[66],"stepped":[67],"frequency":[68],"system":[69],"mounted":[70],"on":[71],"helicopter":[73],"provided":[75],"as":[76],"examples":[77],"on-field":[79],"test":[80],"cases.":[81]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
