{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2119919401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2010.2095829","title":"Comparison of Persistent Scatterers and Small Baseline Time-Series InSAR Results: A Case Study of the San Francisco Bay Area","display_name":"Comparison of Persistent Scatterers and Small Baseline Time-Series InSAR Results: A Case Study of the San Francisco Bay Area","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2119919401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2010.2095829","mag":"2119919401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2010.2095829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2010.2095829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009399744","display_name":"Piyush Shanker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piyush Shanker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Geophysics, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","[Dept. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Geophysics, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055182623","display_name":"Francesco Casu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-6494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Casu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063389980","display_name":"H. A. Zebker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9931-5237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard A. Zebker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Geophysics, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","[Dept. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and the Department of Geophysics, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057168176","display_name":"Riccardo Lanari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7296-2749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Lanari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":49.9728,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99470525,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"592","last_page":"596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","score":0.8399572968482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.751370906829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.7199527621269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decorrelation","display_name":"Decorrelation","score":0.6606546640396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.60158371925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5878003239631653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5343230366706848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.5161088705062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5000123977661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.47457244992256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displacement","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","score":0.46978655457496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.41664019227027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.28378742933273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21387702226638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1364617645740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13111722469329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11238691210746765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.8399572968482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.751370906829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.7199527621269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177860922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788608","display_name":"Decorrelation","level":2,"score":0.6606546640396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.60158371925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5878003239631653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5343230366706848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5161088705062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5000123977661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.47457244992256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46978655457496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.41664019227027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28378742933273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21387702226638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1364617645740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13111722469329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11238691210746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2010.2095829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2010.2095829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322651","display_name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499425677","https://openalex.org/W1674096807","https://openalex.org/W1965880416","https://openalex.org/W2006907556","https://openalex.org/W2021517173","https://openalex.org/W2047029664","https://openalex.org/W2074994141","https://openalex.org/W2079516462","https://openalex.org/W2086040958","https://openalex.org/W2086359768","https://openalex.org/W2096195040","https://openalex.org/W2121773078","https://openalex.org/W2131434734","https://openalex.org/W2152657318","https://openalex.org/W2161661683","https://openalex.org/W4213365181","https://openalex.org/W4230551503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2370902110","https://openalex.org/W2045104684","https://openalex.org/W2537969703","https://openalex.org/W2532371958","https://openalex.org/W1991497027","https://openalex.org/W3195487337","https://openalex.org/W2066613233","https://openalex.org/W2542174201","https://openalex.org/W3131672414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time-series":[0],"interferometric":[1],"synthetic":[2],"aperture":[3],"radar":[4],"(InSAR)":[5],"methods":[6],"estimate":[7],"the":[8,35,69,78,88,102,111,142,148,176,182,197],"spatiotemporal":[9],"evolution":[10],"of":[11,48,58,71,128,147,175],"deformation":[12,60,133,153,188],"over":[13,110],"large":[14],"areas":[15,33],"by":[16,40,117],"incorporating":[17],"information":[18],"from":[19,154,193],"multiple":[20],"SAR":[21],"interferograms.":[22],"Persistent":[23],"scatterer":[24],"(PS)":[25],"and":[26,42,73,85,101,132,139,152,161,172,200,212],"small":[27,103],"baseline":[28,104],"(SB)":[29],"methods,":[30],"which":[31],"identify":[32],"where":[34],"surface":[36],"is":[37,65],"least":[38],"affected":[39],"geometric":[41],"temporal":[43],"decorrelation,":[44],"represent":[45],"two":[46,94],"families":[47],"time-series":[49,89,183],"InSAR":[50,90],"techniques":[51,75,138],"to":[52,77,206],"study":[53],"successfully":[54],"a":[55,173],"wide":[56],"spectrum":[57],"ground":[59],"phenomena":[61],"worldwide.":[62],"However,":[63],"little":[64],"known":[66],"comparatively":[67],"about":[68,158],"performance":[70],"PS":[72,99],"SB":[74],"applied":[76],"same":[79],"region.":[80],"Here,":[81],"we":[82],"compare":[83],"quantitatively":[84],"cross":[86],"validate":[87,186],"results":[91],"generated":[92],"using":[93,136],"representative":[95],"algorithms-the":[96],"maximum":[97],"likelihood":[98],"method":[100,156],"subset":[105],"algorithm-in":[106],"selected":[107],"test":[108],"sites,":[109],"San":[112],"Francisco":[113],"Bay":[114],"Area":[115],"imaged":[116],"European":[118],"Remote":[119],"Sensing":[120],"(ERS)":[121],"sensors":[122],"during":[123],"1995-2000.":[124],"We":[125,185],"present":[126],"line":[127],"sight":[129],"(LOS)":[130],"velocities":[131,151],"time":[134],"series":[135],"both":[137,181],"show":[140,201],"that":[141,202],"root":[143],"mean":[144,150],"squared":[145],"differences":[146],"estimated":[149],"each":[155],"are":[157,167],"1":[159],"mm/year":[160,209],"5":[162],"mm,":[163],"respectively.":[164],"These":[165],"values":[166],"within":[168,207],"expected":[169],"noise":[170],"levels":[171],"characteristic":[174],"pixel":[177],"selection":[178],"parameters":[179],"for":[180],"techniques.":[184],"our":[187,203],"estimates":[189,204],"against":[190],"creep":[191],"measurements":[192],"alignment":[194],"arrays":[195],"along":[196],"Hayward":[198],"Fault":[199],"agree":[205],"0.5":[208],"LOS":[210,215],"velocity":[211],"1.5":[213],"mm":[214],"displacement.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}