{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2159097861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2010.2089970","title":"Classification of Raman Spectra to Detect Hidden Explosives","display_name":"Classification of Raman Spectra to Detect Hidden Explosives","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2159097861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2010.2089970","mag":"2159097861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2010.2089970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2010.2089970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023005411","display_name":"Naveed R. Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6278-2349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveed R. Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","Center for Math. Sci., Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Math. Sci., Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103259555","display_name":"Mikael Nilsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-0331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52719799","display_name":"Blekinge Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0093a8w51","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikael Nilsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Blekinge Inst. of Technol., Karlskrona, Sweden#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Blekinge Inst. of Technol., Karlskrona, Sweden#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037213595","display_name":"Andreas Jakobsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-6973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Jakobsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","Center for Math. Sci., Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Math. Sci., Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105698452","display_name":"M. Nordberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Nordberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden","[Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086129172","display_name":"Anna Pettersson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Pettersson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden","[Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066395396","display_name":"Sara Wallin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Wallin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden","[Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091751419","display_name":"Henric \u00d6stmark","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henric Ostmark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden","[Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Swedish Defence Research Agency, Tumba, Sweden]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.23,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89062221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"517","last_page":"521"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10683","display_name":"Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raman-spectroscopy","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","score":0.890080451965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosive-material","display_name":"Explosive material","score":0.855718731880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trinitrotoluene","display_name":"Trinitrotoluene","score":0.6936849355697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitromethane","display_name":"Nitromethane","score":0.636894702911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosive-detection","display_name":"Explosive detection","score":0.443809449672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.44302475452423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.42665421962738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.3436862826347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-chemistry","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","score":0.13503029942512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1312628984451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13071632385253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-chemistry","display_name":"Organic chemistry","score":0.06634789705276489}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40003534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.890080451965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154238967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12870","display_name":"Explosive material","level":2,"score":0.855718731880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910635913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170167","display_name":"Trinitrotoluene","level":3,"score":0.6936849355697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777327210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407733","display_name":"Nitromethane","level":2,"score":0.636894702911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779461545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421441","display_name":"Explosive detection","level":3,"score":0.443809449672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.44302475452423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.42665421962738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3436862826347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.13503029942512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1312628984451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13071632385253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.06634789705276489}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2010.2089970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2010.2089970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:db08f99f-a046-458c-819d-751e78bf6312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/1691407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1545-598X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W649100716","https://openalex.org/W1485646834","https://openalex.org/W1521843029","https://openalex.org/W1548802052","https://openalex.org/W1959013360","https://openalex.org/W2021005306","https://openalex.org/W2037409439","https://openalex.org/W2052252908","https://openalex.org/W2073514162","https://openalex.org/W2074427372","https://openalex.org/W2118483048","https://openalex.org/W2167510006","https://openalex.org/W2485724554","https://openalex.org/W2618093422","https://openalex.org/W2942638208","https://openalex.org/W4205778870","https://openalex.org/W4254455845","https://openalex.org/W6629077503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033739053","https://openalex.org/W2544423574","https://openalex.org/W1987316004","https://openalex.org/W2360372803","https://openalex.org/W2358675199","https://openalex.org/W2383257194","https://openalex.org/W2134017570","https://openalex.org/W2538864173","https://openalex.org/W2066047537","https://openalex.org/W2887213569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Raman":[0,59,74,101],"spectroscopy":[1],"is":[2,20],"a":[3,14,25,44,68,91],"laser-based":[4],"vibrational":[5],"technique":[6,19],"that":[7,85],"can":[8],"provide":[9],"spectral":[10],"signatures":[11],"unique":[12],"to":[13,32,72],"multitude":[15],"of":[16,37,53,93],"compounds.":[17],"The":[18,82],"gaining":[21],"widespread":[22],"interest":[23],"as":[24],"method":[26],"for":[27,49],"detecting":[28],"hidden":[29],"explosives":[30,56],"due":[31],"its":[33],"sensitivity":[34],"and":[35,66,79,115],"ease":[36],"use.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"letter,":[41],"we":[42,64],"present":[43],"computationally":[45],"efficient":[46],"classification":[47],"scheme":[48],"accurate":[50],"standoff":[51],"identification":[52],"several":[54,104],"common":[55],"using":[57],"visible-range":[58],"spectroscopy.":[60],"Using":[61],"real":[62],"measurements,":[63],"evaluate":[65],"modify":[67],"recent":[69],"correlation-based":[70],"approach":[71,88],"classify":[73,99],"spectra":[75,102],"from":[76,103],"various":[77],"harmful":[78],"commonplace":[80],"substances.":[81],"results":[83],"show":[84],"the":[86],"proposed":[87],"can,":[89],"at":[90],"distance":[92],"30":[94],"m,":[95],"or":[96],"more,":[97],"successfully":[98],"measured":[100],"explosive":[105],"substances,":[106],"including":[107],"nitromethane,":[108],"trinitrotoluene,":[109],"dinitrotoluene,":[110],"hydrogen":[111],"peroxide,":[112],"triacetone":[113],"triperoxide,":[114],"ammonium":[116],"nitrate.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}