{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152449524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2009.2035644","title":"Object Classification of Aerial Images With Bag-of-Visual Words","display_name":"Object Classification of Aerial Images With Bag-of-Visual Words","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152449524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2009.2035644","mag":"2152449524"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2009.2035644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2009.2035644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101593066","display_name":"Sheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3756-497X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101615934","display_name":"Tao Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8411-4387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070369693","display_name":"Deren Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7277-6356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deren Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University of China, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University of China, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047975653","display_name":"Shiwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6916-9693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.503,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":174,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94582196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"366","last_page":"370"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words-model-in-computer-vision","display_name":"Bag-of-words model in computer vision","score":0.791627049446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7893791198730469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7146251201629639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.668500542640686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.5652720332145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5532926917076111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.532177746295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4884401857852936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4869173765182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.44540467858314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4368186593055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-word","display_name":"Visual Word","score":0.42772233486175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4181278944015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3054983913898468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.16581013798713684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167611913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884747","display_name":"Bag-of-words model in computer vision","level":5,"score":0.791627049446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7893791198730469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7146251201629639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.668500542640686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.5652720332145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5532926917076111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.532177746295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4884401857852936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4869173765182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.44540467858314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4368186593055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189391414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936579","display_name":"Visual Word","level":4,"score":0.42772233486175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4181278944015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3054983913898468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.16581013798713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2009.2035644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2009.2035644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309292","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29643851","https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1999412262","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2098642880","https://openalex.org/W2107034620","https://openalex.org/W2107640820","https://openalex.org/W2113388748","https://openalex.org/W2121627225","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2141775747","https://openalex.org/W2144841545","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2151259137","https://openalex.org/W2177274842","https://openalex.org/W2997936244","https://openalex.org/W3129711340","https://openalex.org/W6636494156","https://openalex.org/W7075742223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2158102958","https://openalex.org/W2028757524","https://openalex.org/W1995462736","https://openalex.org/W2938717424","https://openalex.org/W4390662392","https://openalex.org/W2548286644","https://openalex.org/W2009049007","https://openalex.org/W2588241640","https://openalex.org/W2045213079","https://openalex.org/W2465112410"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,92,103],"Bag-of-Visual":[4],"Words":[5],"(BOV)":[6],"representation":[7,61,130],"for":[8],"object-based":[9],"classification":[10,115,133],"in":[11,116],"land-use/cover":[12],"mapping":[13],"of":[14,29,34,52,67,70,83,98,112],"high":[15],"spatial":[16,37],"resolution":[17],"aerial":[18,30],"photograph.":[19],"The":[20],"method":[21,105],"is":[22,62,88,106],"introduced":[23],"to":[24,46,90,108],"handle":[25],"the":[26,59,65,68,77,96,110,127,136,141],"special":[27],"characteristics":[28],"images,":[31],"i.e.,":[32],"variability":[33],"spectral":[35,84,142],"and":[36,42,48,85,143],"content.":[38],"Specifically,":[39],"patch":[40,100],"detection":[41],"description":[43],"are":[44,74],"used":[45],"divide":[47],"represent":[49],"various":[50,99],"subregions":[51],"objects":[53],"comprising":[54],"multiple":[55],"homogeneous":[56],"components.":[57],"Moreover,":[58],"BOV":[60,129],"constructed":[63],"with":[64],"statistics":[66],"occurrence":[69],"visual":[71],"words,":[72],"which":[73],"learned":[75],"from":[76],"training":[78],"data":[79,123],"set.":[80],"A":[81],"combination":[82],"texture":[86,144],"features":[87],"verified":[89],"be":[91],"satisfactory":[93],"choice":[94],"through":[95],"evaluations":[97],"descriptors.":[101],"Furthermore,":[102],"threshold-based":[104],"employed":[107],"reduce":[109],"impact":[111],"outliers":[113],"on":[114,121],"test":[117],"data.":[118],"Experiments":[119],"based":[120],"aerial-image":[122],"set":[124],"show":[125],"that":[126],"proposed":[128],"yields":[131],"better":[132],"performance":[134],"than":[135],"low-level":[137],"features,":[138],"such":[139],"as":[140],"features.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
