{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415256951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3600043","title":"EMGAxO: Extending Machine Learning Hardware Generators With Approximate Operators","display_name":"EMGAxO: Extending Machine Learning Hardware Generators With Approximate Operators","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415256951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3600043"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/les.2025.3600043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3600043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22443479","display_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","issn_l":"1943-0663","issn":["1943-0663","1943-0671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ali Asghar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6283-7967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Asghar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120026530","display_name":"Shahzad Bangash","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahzad Bangash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085905389","display_name":"Shubham Shah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suleman Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111702281","display_name":"Laiq Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-9105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laiq Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028792027","display_name":"Salim Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-9522"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salim Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Embedded Systems, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Embedded Systems, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051064456","display_name":"Siva Satyendra Sahoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2243-5350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siva Satyendra Sahoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathfinding Semiconductor Technologies, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathfinding Semiconductor Technologies, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755285","display_name":"Akash Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7125-1737"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akash Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Embedded Systems, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Embedded Systems, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15095312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"5","first_page":"345","last_page":"348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9124000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9124000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.647599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5712000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5188999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.48420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.3732999861240387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.647599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5712000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5188999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.48420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58013763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5754574","display_name":"High-level synthesis","level":3,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983609787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10534782","display_name":"Software implementation","level":3,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65232700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656403","display_name":"Hardware architecture","level":3,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154488198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335007","display_name":"Embedded software","level":3,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/les.2025.3600043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3600043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22443479","display_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","issn_l":"1943-0663","issn":["1943-0663","1943-0671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7276696126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"380524764","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2265166184","https://openalex.org/W2560114385","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W3034464722","https://openalex.org/W3038013679","https://openalex.org/W4211125327","https://openalex.org/W4255177036","https://openalex.org/W4378800940","https://openalex.org/W4386580470","https://openalex.org/W4401726555","https://openalex.org/W4403535680","https://openalex.org/W4404573308"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"FPGAs":[0],"provide":[1],"customizable,":[2],"low-power,":[3],"and":[4,20,28,39,55,102,124,139,171,186],"real-time":[5],"ML":[6,23,64,80,133],"Models":[7],"acceleration":[8],"for":[9,15,129],"embedded":[10],"systems,":[11],"making":[12],"them":[13,131],"ideal":[14],"edge":[16],"applications":[17],"like":[18],"robotics":[19],"IoT.":[21],"However,":[22,111],"models":[24],"are":[25,115],"computationally":[26],"intensive":[27],"rely":[29],"heavily":[30],"on":[31],"multiplication":[32],"operations,":[33],"which":[34],"dominate":[35],"the":[36,75,147,152],"overall":[37],"resource":[38,169],"power":[40],"consumption,":[41],"especially":[42],"in":[43,88,99,189],"deep":[44],"neural":[45],"networks.":[46],"Currently":[47],"available":[48],"open-source":[49],"frameworks,":[50],"such":[51],"as":[52],"hls4ml,":[53],"FINN":[54],"Tensil":[56],"artificial":[57],"intelligence":[58],"(AI),":[59],"facilitate":[60],"FPGA-based":[61],"implementation":[62],"of":[63,79,86,109,154,162,195],"algorithms":[65],"but":[66],"exclusively":[67],"use":[68,153],"accurate":[69,199],"arithmetic":[70],"operators,":[71],"failing":[72],"to":[73,150,174,182,198],"exploit":[74],"inherent":[76],"error":[77],"resilience":[78],"models.":[81],"Meanwhile,":[82],"a":[83,106],"large":[84],"body":[85],"research":[87],"approximate":[89,164],"computing":[90],"has":[91],"produced":[92],"Approximate":[93,113,155],"Multipliers":[94,114],"that":[95],"offer":[96],"substantial":[97],"reductions":[98],"area,":[100],"power,":[101],"latency":[103],"by":[104],"sacrificing":[105],"small":[107],"amount":[108],"accuracy.":[110],"these":[112],"not":[116],"integrated":[117],"into":[118,132],"widely":[119],"used":[120],"hardware":[121,140],"generation":[122],"workflows,":[123],"no":[125],"automated":[126],"mechanism":[127],"exists":[128],"incorporating":[130],"model":[134],"implementations":[135],"at":[136],"both":[137],"software":[138],"levels.":[141],"In":[142],"this":[143],"work,":[144],"we":[145],"extend":[146],"hls4ml":[148],"framework":[149],"support":[151],"Multipliers.":[156],"Our":[157],"approach":[158],"enables":[159],"seamless":[160],"evaluation":[161],"multiple":[163],"designs,":[165],"allowing":[166],"tradeoffs":[167],"between":[168],"usage":[170],"inference":[172],"accuracy":[173,193],"be":[175],"explored":[176],"efficiently.":[177],"Experimental":[178],"results":[179],"demonstrate":[180],"up":[181],"3.94%":[183],"LUTs":[184],"savings":[185],"7.33%":[187],"reduction":[188],"On-Chip":[190],"Power,":[191],"with":[192],"degradation":[194],"1%":[196],"compared":[197],"designs.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-17T00:00:00"}