{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415256953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3599829","title":"Investigation of the Adversarial Robustness of End-to-End Deep Sensor Fusion Models","display_name":"Investigation of the Adversarial Robustness of End-to-End Deep Sensor Fusion Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415256953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3599829"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/les.2025.3599829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3599829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22443479","display_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","issn_l":"1943-0663","issn":["1943-0663","1943-0671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120026531","display_name":"Mohamed Marwen Moslah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Marwen Moslah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Software Engineering Department, HES Laboratory, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5297-0349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Software Engineering Department, HES Laboratory, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080381750","display_name":"Ramzi Zouari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2634-5280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119561","display_name":"Digital Research Centre of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/02s48dm85","country_code":"TN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119561"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramzi Zouari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, High Institute of Computer Sciences and Multimedia of Sfax and the SM@RTS Laboratory in the Digital Research Center of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2634-5280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, High Institute of Computer Sciences and Multimedia of Sfax and the SM@RTS Laboratory in the Digital Research Center of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784","https://openalex.org/I4210119561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048275427","display_name":"Ahmad Shahnejat Bushehri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8254-7242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Shahnejat Bushehri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Software Engineering Department, HES Laboratory, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8254-7242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Software Engineering Department, HES Laboratory, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055509031","display_name":"Felipe G\u00f6hring de Magalh\u00e3es","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-1421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felipe Gohring de Magalhaes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Software Engineering Department, HES Laboratory, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-1421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Software Engineering Department, HES Laboratory, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022527556","display_name":"Gabriela Nicolescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5205-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriela Nicolescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Software Engineering Department, HES Laboratory, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5205-9931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Software Engineering Department, HES Laboratory, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8165,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75034571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"5","first_page":"325","last_page":"328"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.9146000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.867900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7293999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6564000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.5631999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.3817000091075897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.867900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7901999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7293999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6564000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6044999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5631999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/les.2025.3599829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3599829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22443479","display_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","issn_l":"1943-0663","issn":["1943-0663","1943-0671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:69139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/69139/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article de revue"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3165323061","https://openalex.org/W4213246730","https://openalex.org/W4292347911","https://openalex.org/W4312406013","https://openalex.org/W4312862130","https://openalex.org/W4386207886"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"driving":[1,77,159,191,195],"systems":[2],"increasingly":[3],"depend":[4],"on":[5,59,128],"multimodal":[6],"sensor":[7,10,33,174],"fusion":[8,11,34,175],"(deep":[9],"(DSF)),":[12],"integrating":[13],"data":[14],"from":[15],"cameras,":[16],"radar,":[17],"and":[18,24,118,130,202,205,210,222],"LiDAR":[19,108,131],"to":[20,53,82,94,123,169],"improve":[21],"environmental":[22],"perception":[23,38],"decision-making.":[25],"The":[26,140,161],"integration":[27],"of":[28,48,63,67,98,167,219],"deep":[29],"learning":[30],"models":[31,50,74],"into":[32],"has":[35,79],"significantly":[36,189],"enhanced":[37],"capabilities,":[39],"but":[40],"it":[41],"also":[42],"raises":[43],"concerns":[44],"about":[45],"the":[46,60,68,86,92,96,107,112,137,145,149,165,194,217],"robustness":[47,62,97],"these":[49],"when":[51],"exposed":[52],"adversarial":[54,61,126,170],"attacks.":[55,181],"As":[56],"prior":[57],"research":[58],"TransFuser":[64,99,168],"\u2014":[65,78],"one":[66],"most":[69],"advanced":[70],"end-to-end":[71,227],"transformer-based":[72,173],"DSF":[73,224],"for":[75,226],"autonomous":[76,228],"been":[80],"limited":[81],"single-modality":[83],"attacks":[84,127,171,188],"targeting":[85],"camera":[87,129],"sensor,":[88],"this":[89],"work":[90],"extends":[91],"investigation":[93],"assess":[95],"under":[100,179,199,207],"various":[101],"attack":[102],"scenarios,":[103],"including":[104,154],"those":[105],"involving":[106],"modality.":[109],"We":[110],"employed":[111],"fast":[113],"gradient":[114,120],"sign":[115],"method":[116],"(FGSM)":[117],"projected":[119],"descent":[121],"(PGD)":[122],"perform":[124],"single-channel":[125,187],"modalities":[132],"separately,":[133],"as":[134,136],"well":[135],"joint-channel":[138,180],"attack.":[139],"experiments":[141,183],"were":[142],"conducted":[143],"in":[144],"CARLA":[146],"simulator":[147],"using":[148],"Town05":[150],"Short":[151],"urban":[152],"environment,":[153],"32":[155],"routes":[156],"featuring":[157],"diverse":[158],"scenarios.":[160],"results":[162],"clearly":[163],"demonstrate":[164,184],"vulnerability":[166],"where":[172],"is":[176],"utilized,":[177],"particularly":[178],"Our":[182],"that":[185],"LiDAR-targeted":[186],"degrade":[190],"performance,":[192],"reducing":[193],"score":[196],"by":[197,203],"49.87%":[198],"FGSM":[200,209],"attacks,":[201,212],"50.15%":[204],"42.12%":[206],"joint":[208],"PGD":[211],"respectively.":[213],"This":[214],"study":[215],"informs":[216],"design":[218],"more":[220],"robust":[221],"secure":[223],"architectures":[225],"driving.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-17T00:00:00"}
