{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407169181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3538827","title":"Empowering Edge Devices With Processing-in-Memory for On-Device Language Inference","display_name":"Empowering Edge Devices With Processing-in-Memory for On-Device Language Inference","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407169181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3538827"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/les.2025.3538827","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3538827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22443479","display_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","issn_l":"1943-0663","issn":["1943-0663","1943-0671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jimin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7847-9674"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7847-9674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029793438","display_name":"Soonhoi Ha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7472-9142"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soonhoi Ha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7472-9142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1464,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74554498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"244","last_page":"247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9632999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9302999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.857845664024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5648077130317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4545825719833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.37889665365219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.36636635661125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3632517457008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.35020825266838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33300143480300903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29864180088043213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.857845664024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5648077130317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4545825719833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.37889665365219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.36636635661125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3632517457008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.35020825266838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33300143480300903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29864180088043213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/les.2025.3538827","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2025.3538827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22443479","display_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","issn_l":"1943-0663","issn":["1943-0663","1943-0671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2736275013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IO230223-05124-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315121","funder_display_name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G355453221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IO201210-07941-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","funder_display_name":"Samsung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6022408644","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IO201210-07941-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","funder_display_name":"Samsung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315121","display_name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944987128","https://openalex.org/W3105966348","https://openalex.org/W3163089509","https://openalex.org/W3185300257","https://openalex.org/W3189166979","https://openalex.org/W4280496502","https://openalex.org/W4392822465","https://openalex.org/W4393145094","https://openalex.org/W4400579220","https://openalex.org/W6856800273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W1986418932","https://openalex.org/W2357796999","https://openalex.org/W4321636575","https://openalex.org/W2741131631","https://openalex.org/W2045526782","https://openalex.org/W4405841813","https://openalex.org/W2156919374","https://openalex.org/W1483472507","https://openalex.org/W1984019423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,133],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,54,62,70,76,125],"deep":[4],"learning":[5],"(DL)":[6],"models":[7,144],"has":[8,105],"led":[9],"to":[10,34,93,100,108,118],"a":[11,31,111],"pressing":[12],"need":[13],"for":[14,20,129],"efficient":[15],"on-device":[16,63,142],"DL":[17],"solutions,":[18],"particularly":[19],"edge":[21,147],"devices":[22],"with":[23],"limited":[24],"resources.":[25],"processing-in-memory":[26],"(PIM)":[27],"technology":[28,33,57],"is":[29],"considered":[30],"promising":[32],"address":[35],"the":[36,52,60,68,73,123,136],"worsening":[37],"memory":[38,47],"wall":[39],"problem":[40],"by":[41,95],"integrating":[42],"processing":[43],"capabilities":[44],"directly":[45],"into":[46],"modules.":[48],"This":[49],"letter":[50],"evaluates":[51],"potential":[53],"Samsung":[55],"PIM":[56,71,131,137],"in":[58,89,114,140],"enhancing":[59],"performance":[61],"language":[64,143],"inference.":[65],"We":[66],"assess":[67],"impact":[69],"on":[72],"inference":[74],"stage":[75],"three":[77],"transformer":[78],"models,":[79],"Gemma,":[80],"Qwen2,":[81,103],"and":[82,145],"TinyBERT":[83],"demonstrating":[84],"an":[85],"average":[86],"1.92x":[87],"speed-up":[88,113],"end-to-end":[90,115],"latency":[91,116],"compared":[92,117],"CPU":[94],"offloading":[96],"all":[97],"linear":[98],"layers":[99],"PIM.":[101],"Notably,":[102],"which":[104],"characteristics":[106,128],"favorable":[107],"PIM,":[109],"achieves":[110],"1.25x":[112],"GPU.":[119],"Our":[120],"findings":[121],"emphasize":[122],"importance":[124],"understanding":[126],"model":[127],"effective":[130],"deployment.":[132],"results":[134],"demonstrate":[135],"solution\u2019s":[138],"efficiency":[139],"enabling":[141],"its":[146],"deployment":[148],"potential.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}