{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405179800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2024.3510365","title":"ANUBIS: Hybrid FPAA-FPGA Architecture for Entropy-Based True Random Number Generation in Secure UAV Communication","display_name":"ANUBIS: Hybrid FPAA-FPGA Architecture for Entropy-Based True Random Number Generation in Secure UAV Communication","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405179800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2024.3510365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/les.2024.3510365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2024.3510365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22443479","display_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","issn_l":"1943-0663","issn":["1943-0663","1943-0671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079243251","display_name":"Mohamed El-Hadedy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-0712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98947143","display_name":"California State Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05by5hm18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed El-Hadedy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115062168","display_name":"Andrea Abelian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98947143","display_name":"California State Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05by5hm18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Abelian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635269","display_name":"Kenneth Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3022-4868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98947143","display_name":"California State Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05by5hm18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenny Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047145926","display_name":"Benny Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802287952","display_name":"Naval Surface Warfare Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03d4ecn10","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328969757","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802287952","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benny N. Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Surface Warfare Center, Corona Division, Norco, CA, USA","Naval Surface Warfare Center, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Surface Warfare Center, Corona Division, Norco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802287952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Surface Warfare Center, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802287952"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040404999","display_name":"Wen\u2010mei Hwu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2532-5349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Mei Hwu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Champaign, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079243251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98947143"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2769,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82185795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"164","last_page":"167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8060519099235535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6820583939552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5301429033279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.5037609934806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.46415242552757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4406885802745819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3589106798171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3444432020187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3280501663684845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19245576858520508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8060519099235535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6820583939552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5301429033279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.5037609934806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.46415242552757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4406885802745819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3589106798171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3444432020187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3280501663684845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19245576858520508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/les.2024.3510365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/les.2024.3510365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22443479","display_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","issn_l":"1943-0663","issn":["1943-0663","1943-0671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4425334675","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N001742310002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338329","funder_display_name":"Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338329","display_name":"Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division","ror":"https://ror.org/054ajk512"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983701380","https://openalex.org/W2152852843","https://openalex.org/W2183179588","https://openalex.org/W2514540196","https://openalex.org/W2764101646","https://openalex.org/W2914600382","https://openalex.org/W2934510082","https://openalex.org/W2971887892","https://openalex.org/W3006544189","https://openalex.org/W3116452008","https://openalex.org/W3157574822","https://openalex.org/W3176092176","https://openalex.org/W4207078630","https://openalex.org/W4280544428","https://openalex.org/W4280614825","https://openalex.org/W4304140744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W4200391368","https://openalex.org/W2210979487","https://openalex.org/W2362080632","https://openalex.org/W1967938402","https://openalex.org/W2386041993","https://openalex.org/W1608572506","https://openalex.org/W2038503502","https://openalex.org/W4388000846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Field-programmable":[0],"gate":[1],"arrays":[2,7],"(FPGAs)":[3],"and":[4,16,27,35,60,78,104,159,182,203,224],"field-programmable":[5],"analog":[6,17,42,94,242],"(FPAAs)":[8],"are":[9,21,133],"reconfigurable":[10],"circuits":[11],"that":[12],"enable":[13,139],"flexible":[14],"digital":[15,247],"implementations":[18],"post-manufacturing.":[19],"FPGAs":[20],"widely":[22],"used":[23],"in":[24,135,194,264],"telecommunications,":[25],"mixed-signal,":[26],"embedded":[28],"systems":[29],"due":[30],"to":[31,63,75,113,122,126,138,254],"their":[32],"parallel":[33],"processing":[34],"reconfigurability.":[36],"Meanwhile,":[37],"FPAAs":[38],"provide":[39],"flexibility":[40],"for":[41,47,70,150,166,178,236,260],"systems,":[43],"which":[44],"is":[45,120],"crucial":[46],"modern":[48],"mixed-signal":[49],"processing.":[50],"This":[51],"letter":[52],"introduces":[53],"ANUBIS,":[54],"a":[55,83,136,175,251],"hybrid":[56],"system":[57,190],"combining":[58],"FPGA":[59,102,202],"FPAA":[61,91],"technologies":[62],"generate":[64,127],"true":[65],"random":[66],"number":[67],"generators":[68],"(TRNGs)":[69],"secure":[71,129,140,167],"UAV":[72,152,179],"communication.":[73],"Due":[74],"its":[76,164],"reliability":[77],"cost":[79],"efficiency,":[80,158],"ANUBIS":[81,154,249],"leverages":[82],"thermistor":[84],"circuit":[85],"as":[86],"an":[87,147],"entropy":[88],"source.":[89],"The":[90,116,189],"amplifies":[92],"the":[93,98,101,106,123,201,207,212,258],"noise":[95,243],"generated":[96],"by":[97,200,206],"thermistor,":[99],"while":[100],"digitizes":[103],"processes":[105],"signal":[107],"using":[108],"Von":[109],"Neumann":[110],"whitening":[111],"(VNW)":[112],"remove":[114],"bias.":[115],"ASCON":[117],"hash":[118],"function":[119],"applied":[121],"whitened":[124],"bitstream":[125],"cryptographically":[128],"keys.":[130],"These":[131],"keys":[132],"utilized":[134],"DHKE":[137],"communication":[141,168,180],"via":[142],"Bluetooth":[143],"low":[144],"energy":[145],"(BLE),":[146],"ideal":[148],"protocol":[149],"energy-constrained":[151],"applications.":[153,169],"demonstrates":[155],"reconfigurability,":[156],"power":[157],"ease":[160],"of":[161,221,227],"implementation,":[162],"showcasing":[163],"potential":[165,259],"It":[170],"achieves":[171],"robust":[172],"randomization,":[173],"setting":[174],"new":[176],"standard":[177],"security":[181],"addressing":[183],"applications":[184,263],"requiring":[185],"reliable":[186,241],"TRNG":[187,255],"solutions.":[188],"consumes":[191],"1.615":[192],"W":[193,198],"total,":[195],"with":[196,234,245],"1.54":[197],"consumed":[199],"75":[204],"mW":[205],"FPAA.":[208],"Resource":[209],"utilization":[210],"on":[211],"PYNQ-Z1":[213],"board":[214],"includes":[215],"5186":[216],"LUTs":[217],"(9.75%),":[218],"549":[219],"units":[220,226],"memory":[222],"(3.15%),":[223],"5.5":[225],"BRAM":[228],"(3.93%),":[229],"indicating":[230],"moderate":[231],"resource":[232],"usage":[233],"room":[235],"future":[237],"enhancements.":[238],"By":[239],"integrating":[240],"harvesting":[244],"efficient":[246],"post-processing,":[248],"offers":[250],"novel":[252],"approach":[253],"design,":[256],"demonstrating":[257],"broader":[261],"cryptographic":[262],"resource-constrained":[265],"environments.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}