{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405440077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2024.3518912","title":"Constraint-Aware Refinement for Safety Verification of Neural Feedback Loops","display_name":"Constraint-Aware Refinement for Safety Verification of Neural Feedback Loops","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405440077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2024.3518912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2024.3518912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2024.3518912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068134203","display_name":"Nicholas Rober","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6274-7527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46020346","display_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1rzv11","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46020346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Rober","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aerospace Controls Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","Aerospace Controls Lab, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aerospace Controls Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Controls Lab, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011665886","display_name":"Jonathan P. How","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8576-1930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46020346","display_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1rzv11","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46020346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan P. How","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aerospace Controls Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","Aerospace Controls Lab, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aerospace Controls Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Controls Lab, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068134203"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27285652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"3219","last_page":"3224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10820","display_name":"Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems","score":0.9431999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9322999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7107183337211609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.7000523805618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-safety","display_name":"Memory safety","score":0.5161629319190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3302127718925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11089515686035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.06721934676170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.057852864265441895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7107183337211609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.7000523805618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28180684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4080983","display_name":"Memory safety","level":3,"score":0.5161629319190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3302127718925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11089515686035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.06721934676170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.057852864265441895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2024.3518912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2024.3518912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307103","display_name":"Ford Motor Company","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2119112357","https://openalex.org/W2617343351","https://openalex.org/W2901402208","https://openalex.org/W2962725330","https://openalex.org/W4206101760","https://openalex.org/W4312660377","https://openalex.org/W4364322337","https://openalex.org/W4382936108","https://openalex.org/W4383109215","https://openalex.org/W4384573554","https://openalex.org/W4391020198","https://openalex.org/W6754543342","https://openalex.org/W6757414756","https://openalex.org/W6784459621","https://openalex.org/W6800464454","https://openalex.org/W6872234998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,103],"letter":[1,104],"presents":[2,105],"a":[3,37,86],"method":[4],"to":[5,15,40,75,96,135,156],"efficiently":[6],"reduce":[7],"conservativeness":[8,78,118],"in":[9,29],"reachable":[10,43],"set":[11],"over":[12,53,138],"approximations":[13],"(RSOAs)":[14],"verify":[16,97,157,164],"safety":[17,98,125,166],"for":[18,58,99,108],"neural":[19,27],"feedback":[20],"loops":[21],"(NFLs),":[22],"i.e.,":[23],"systems":[24],"that":[25,115,133,161],"have":[26],"networks":[28],"their":[30],"control":[31,62],"pipelines.":[32],"While":[33],"generating":[34],"RSOAs":[35,45,120,137,152],"is":[36],"tractable":[38],"alternative":[39],"calculating":[41],"exact":[42],"sets,":[44],"can":[46,92,163],"be":[47,94],"overly":[48],"conservative,":[49],"especially":[50],"when":[51],"generated":[52],"long":[54],"time":[55,141],"horizons":[56],"or":[57,69,175],"highly":[59],"nonlinear":[60],"NN":[61],"policies.":[63],"Refinement":[64,107],"strategies":[65],"such":[66],"as":[67],"partitioning":[68],"symbolic":[70],"propagation":[71],"are":[72],"typically":[73],"used":[74,95],"limit":[76],"the":[77,117,124,128,139,145,165,195],"of":[79,119,148,167],"RSOAs,":[80],"but":[81],"these":[82],"approaches":[83,132,172],"come":[84],"with":[85],"high":[87],"computational":[88,146],"cost":[89,147],"and":[90,187],"often":[91],"only":[93,153],"simple":[100],"reachability":[101],"problems.":[102],"Constraint-Aware":[106],"Verification":[109],"(CARV):":[110],"an":[111,168],"efficient":[112],"refinement":[113,149],"strategy":[114],"reduces":[116],"by":[121,150],"explicitly":[122],"using":[123],"constraints":[126],"on":[127],"NFL.":[129],"Unlike":[130],"existing":[131],"seek":[134],"refine":[136],"entire":[140],"horizon,":[142],"CARV":[143,162],"limits":[144],"refining":[151],"where":[154,170],"necessary":[155],"safety.":[158],"We":[159],"demonstrate":[160],"NFL":[169],"other":[171],"either":[173],"fail":[174],"take":[176],"more":[177],"than":[178],"<inline-formula":[179,188],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[180,189],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[181,190],"<tex-math":[182,191],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$60\\times":[183],"$":[184,193],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[185,194],"longer":[186],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$40\\times":[192],"memory.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}