{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313429601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2022.3230321","title":"Two-Level Decentralized-Centralized Control of Distributed Energy Resources in Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings","display_name":"Two-Level Decentralized-Centralized Control of Distributed Energy Resources in Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313429601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2022.3230321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2022.3230321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2022.3230321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1908069","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085535502","display_name":"Xiang Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3997-2547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3997-2547","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012002316","display_name":"Jin Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5753-1588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5753-1588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011964753","display_name":"Borui Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1229-657X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borui Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022380281","display_name":"Boming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8258-6126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8258-6126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012830322","display_name":"Jianming Lian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1270-5350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianming Lian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1270-5350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101558192","display_name":"Mingxi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4627-3982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4627-3982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3435,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88520231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"997","last_page":"1002"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.7534887790679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7205303311347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.7167916297912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.702301561832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6959133148193359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.6476336717605591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5950621962547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralised-system","display_name":"Decentralised system","score":0.5834351181983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.49461862444877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3290248513221741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16346970200538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.13834238052368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.0858435332775116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.7534887790679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7205303311347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.7167916297912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.702301561832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6959133148193359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.6476336717605591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5950621962547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205875254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156857","display_name":"Decentralised system","level":3,"score":0.5834351181983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.49461862444877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3290248513221741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16346970200538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.13834238052368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0858435332775116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2022.3230321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2022.3230321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1908069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1908069","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1908069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2000290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2000290","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2000290","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1908069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1908069","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1908069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1719536385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4423657506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4831345973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2145408","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4971711773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337707","funder_display_name":"Building Technologies Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6495930337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G675320460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7378224675","display_name":"CAREER: Scalable and Secure Control of Distributed Grid-Edge Resources for Enhanced Grid Reliability","funder_award_id":"2145408","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7995982022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337707","display_name":"Building Technologies Office","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313429601.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029184861","https://openalex.org/W2090359259","https://openalex.org/W2152972694","https://openalex.org/W2630657992","https://openalex.org/W2766122193","https://openalex.org/W2809047367","https://openalex.org/W2891677215","https://openalex.org/W2899889651","https://openalex.org/W2903437848","https://openalex.org/W2909275547","https://openalex.org/W2963644006","https://openalex.org/W2972948892","https://openalex.org/W2975158710","https://openalex.org/W3035750906","https://openalex.org/W3093021355","https://openalex.org/W3101067459","https://openalex.org/W3106351034","https://openalex.org/W3112601785","https://openalex.org/W3113851289","https://openalex.org/W3168426412","https://openalex.org/W3179114875","https://openalex.org/W4224212803","https://openalex.org/W4241079583","https://openalex.org/W4246223068","https://openalex.org/W4313429601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64],"flexible,":[1],"efficient,":[2],"and":[3,26,31,47,77,89,101,107,136],"reliable":[4],"operation":[5],"of":[6,18,28,74,122,138],"grid-interactive":[7],"efficient":[8],"buildings":[9,76,87],"(GEBs)":[10],"is":[11],"increasingly":[12],"impacted":[13],"by":[14,37],"the":[15,24,90,94,104,120,127,134,139],"growing":[16],"penetration":[17],"distributed":[19],"energy":[20,49],"resources":[21,50],"(DERs).":[22],"Besides,":[23],"optimization":[25],"control":[27,61,86],"DERs,":[29],"buildings,":[30],"distribution":[32,95],"networks":[33],"are":[34,116],"further":[35],"complicated":[36],"their":[38],"interconnections.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"letter,":[42],"we":[43],"exploit":[44],"load-side":[45],"flexibility":[46],"clean":[48],"to":[51,60,132],"develop":[52],"a":[53,71,81,98],"novel":[54],"two-level":[55,82],"hybrid":[56],"decentralized-centralized":[57],"(HDC)":[58],"algorithm":[59],"DER-connected":[62],"GEBs.":[63],"proposed":[65,140],"HDC":[66],"1)":[67],"achieves":[68],"scalability":[69],"w.r.t.":[70],"large":[72],"number":[73],"grid-connected":[75],"devices,":[78],"2)":[79],"incorporates":[80],"design":[83],"where":[84],"aggregators":[85],"centrally":[88],"system":[91],"operator":[92],"coordinates":[93],"network":[96],"in":[97],"decentralized":[99],"fashion,":[100],"3)":[102],"improves":[103],"computing":[105],"efficiency":[106,135],"enhances":[108],"communicating":[109],"compatibility":[110],"with":[111],"heterogeneous":[112],"temporal":[113],"scales.":[114],"Simulations":[115],"conducted":[117],"based":[118],"on":[119],"prototype":[121],"an":[123],"office":[124],"building":[125],"at":[126],"Oak":[128],"Ridge":[129],"National":[130],"Laboratory":[131],"show":[133],"efficacy":[137],"approach.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}