{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135915773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2021.3083983","title":"Long-Term Regulation of Prolonged Epidemic Outbreaks in Large Populations via Adaptive Control: A Singular Perturbation Approach","display_name":"Long-Term Regulation of Prolonged Epidemic Outbreaks in Large Populations via Adaptive Control: A Singular Perturbation Approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135915773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2021.3083983","mag":"3135915773"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2021.3083983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2021.3083983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.08488","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006656230","display_name":"M. Ali Al-Radhawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6761-4520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ali Al-Radhawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6761-4520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047392138","display_name":"Mahdiar Sadeghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-0912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdiar Sadeghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-0912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068753451","display_name":"Eduardo D. Sontag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-5783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo D. Sontag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-5783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5066,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59088027,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"578","last_page":"583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9236999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"Social distance","score":0.6975873708724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5493367910385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemic-model","display_name":"Epidemic model","score":0.5307638049125671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4818378686904907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perturbation","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","score":0.4624145030975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singular-perturbation","display_name":"Singular perturbation","score":0.4582679569721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.37902188301086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3745831251144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.35961318016052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3493788242340088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.3371328115463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3249284625053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.2609805762767792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18822050094604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.13831588625907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11516383290290833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.6975873708724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5493367910385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1627819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2572354","display_name":"Epidemic model","level":3,"score":0.5307638049125671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4818378686904907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4624145030975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165160513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7524249","display_name":"Singular perturbation","level":2,"score":0.4582679569721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.37902188301086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3745831251144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.35961318016052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3493788242340088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.3371328115463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3249284625053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2609805762767792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18822050094604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.13831588625907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11516383290290833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2021.3083983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2021.3083983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.08488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.08488","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.08488","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3135915773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.08488.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2103.08488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2103.08488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.08488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.08488","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.08488","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484739396","https://openalex.org/W1515224583","https://openalex.org/W1991038590","https://openalex.org/W2002087380","https://openalex.org/W2046649943","https://openalex.org/W2075489080","https://openalex.org/W2135068247","https://openalex.org/W2140998418","https://openalex.org/W2143523119","https://openalex.org/W2148301044","https://openalex.org/W2161728228","https://openalex.org/W2164293384","https://openalex.org/W2192780418","https://openalex.org/W2541490590","https://openalex.org/W2609570820","https://openalex.org/W2949814822","https://openalex.org/W2964163153","https://openalex.org/W2988545412","https://openalex.org/W3008443627","https://openalex.org/W3012654908","https://openalex.org/W3018782651","https://openalex.org/W3020921959","https://openalex.org/W3048715049","https://openalex.org/W3098943045","https://openalex.org/W3106966389","https://openalex.org/W3109596041","https://openalex.org/W3121008609","https://openalex.org/W3122384271","https://openalex.org/W3123259284","https://openalex.org/W3152497895","https://openalex.org/W3159755907","https://openalex.org/W3165864056","https://openalex.org/W6779726442","https://openalex.org/W6780181889"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3165322473","https://openalex.org/W3170638021","https://openalex.org/W3159755907","https://openalex.org/W3093577997","https://openalex.org/W1966700305","https://openalex.org/W3037980122","https://openalex.org/W3125773127","https://openalex.org/W3112058929","https://openalex.org/W3111980427","https://openalex.org/W3139007733","https://openalex.org/W3171787356","https://openalex.org/W3010813528","https://openalex.org/W2294218275","https://openalex.org/W3016432697","https://openalex.org/W3023032403","https://openalex.org/W2745282914","https://openalex.org/W2337942666","https://openalex.org/W3103052418","https://openalex.org/W2485661712","https://openalex.org/W3139304755"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,12,73],"control":[3],"highly-contagious":[4],"and":[5,18,29,131,156,185],"prolonged":[6],"outbreaks,":[7],"public":[8],"health":[9],"authorities":[10,34],"intervene":[11],"institute":[13],"social":[14,92,142],"distancing,":[15],"lock-down":[16],"policies,":[17],"other":[19],"Non-Pharmaceutical":[20],"Interventions":[21],"(NPIs).":[22],"Given":[23],"the":[24,44,58,65,96,105,126,138,179,186],"high":[25],"social,":[26],"educational,":[27],"psychological,":[28],"economic":[30],"costs":[31],"of":[32,60,64,111,153,178,181,188],"NPIs,":[33],"tune":[35],"them,":[36],"alternatively":[37],"tightening":[38],"up":[39],"or":[40],"relaxing":[41],"rules,":[42],"with":[43],"result":[45],"that,":[46],"in":[47,62],"effect,":[48],"a":[49,74,82,87,102,108,112,148,175],"relatively":[50],"flat":[51],"infection":[52,70],"rate":[53],"results.":[54],"For":[55],"example,":[56],"during":[57],"summer":[59],"2020":[61],"parts":[63],"United":[66],"States,":[67],"daily":[68],"COVID-19":[69],"numbers":[71],"dropped":[72],"plateau.":[75],"This":[76,165],"letter":[77,166],"approaches":[78],"NPI":[79],"tuning":[80],"as":[81,147],"control-theoretic":[83],"problem,":[84],"starting":[85],"from":[86],"simple":[88,171],"dynamic":[89,120,139],"model":[90,116,140,172],"for":[91,141,162,174],"distancing":[93,143],"based":[94],"on":[95],"classical":[97],"SIR":[98,115],"epidemics":[99],"model.":[100,164],"Using":[101],"singular-perturbation":[103],"approach,":[104],"plateau":[106],"becomes":[107],"Quasi-Steady-State":[109],"(QSS)":[110],"reduced":[113],"two-dimensional":[114],"regulated":[117],"by":[118],"adaptive":[119],"feedback.":[121],"It":[122],"is":[123,133],"shown":[124],"that":[125],"QSS":[127],"can":[128,144],"be":[129,145],"assigned":[130],"it":[132],"globally":[134],"asymptotically":[135],"stable.":[136],"Interestingly,":[137],"interpreted":[146],"nonlinear":[149],"integral":[150],"controller.":[151],"Problems":[152],"data":[154],"fitting":[155],"parameter":[157],"identifiability":[158],"are":[159],"also":[160,167],"studied":[161],"this":[163,170],"discusses":[168],"how":[169],"allows":[173],"meaningful":[176],"study":[177],"effect":[180],"population":[182],"size,":[183],"vaccinations,":[184],"emergence":[187],"second":[189],"waves.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}