{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3151813973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.3047493","title":"A Model-Free Approach to Automatic Dose Guidance in Long Acting Insulin Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes","display_name":"A Model-Free Approach to Automatic Dose Guidance in Long Acting Insulin Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3151813973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.3047493","mag":"3151813973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2020.3047493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.3047493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/df4f0e38-8e03-4644-ae58-873f103a2e8c","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016279027","display_name":"Dinesh Krishnamoorthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-8690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dinesh Krishnamoorthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007401492","display_name":"Dimitri Boiroux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3436-8826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitri Boiroux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032414211","display_name":"Tinna Bj\u00f6rk Arad\u00f3ttir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-1198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189090001","display_name":"Novo Nordisk (Denmark)","ror":"https://ror.org/0435rc536","country_code":"DK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189090001","https://openalex.org/I2801134892","https://openalex.org/I4210159963"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tinna Bjork Aradottir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsv\u00e6rd, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsv\u00e6rd, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189090001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073066574","display_name":"Sarah Ellinor Engell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189090001","display_name":"Novo Nordisk (Denmark)","ror":"https://ror.org/0435rc536","country_code":"DK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189090001","https://openalex.org/I2801134892","https://openalex.org/I4210159963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Ellinor Engell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsv\u00e6rd, Denmark","Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsv\u00e6rd, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189090001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050946774","display_name":"John Bagterp J\u00f8rgensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-2808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Bagterp Jorgensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016279027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5605,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84880507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"6","first_page":"2030","last_page":"2035"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11623","display_name":"Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin","display_name":"Insulin","score":0.5759264826774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","score":0.5538856387138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.44160881638526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.43508821725845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35474562644958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.2952023446559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology","display_name":"Endocrinology","score":0.26468586921691895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.5759264826774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.5538856387138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.44160881638526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.43508821725845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35474562644958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2952023446559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.26468586921691895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2020.3047493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.3047493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/df4f0e38-8e03-4644-ae58-873f103a2e8c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/df4f0e38-8e03-4644-ae58-873f103a2e8c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Krishnamoorthy , D , Boiroux , D , Aradottir , T B , Engell , S E & J\u00f8rgensen , J B 2021 , ' A Model-free Approach to Automatic Dose Guidance in Long Acting Insulin Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes ' , IEEE Control Systems Letters , vol. 5 , no. 6 , pp. 2030-2035 . https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2020.3047493","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/df4f0e38-8e03-4644-ae58-873f103a2e8c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/df4f0e38-8e03-4644-ae58-873f103a2e8c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Krishnamoorthy , D , Boiroux , D , Aradottir , T B , Engell , S E & J\u00f8rgensen , J B 2021 , ' A Model-free Approach to Automatic Dose Guidance in Long Acting Insulin Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes ' , IEEE Control Systems Letters , vol. 5 , no. 6 , pp. 2030-2035 . https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2020.3047493","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3748656914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Norway","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6054415787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9068-00056B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","funder_display_name":"Innovationsfonden"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6143424571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"299585","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","display_name":"Innovationsfonden","ror":"https://ror.org/00daj4111"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178056938","https://openalex.org/W1830668443","https://openalex.org/W1964693647","https://openalex.org/W1965324089","https://openalex.org/W2001273251","https://openalex.org/W2010762887","https://openalex.org/W2050756416","https://openalex.org/W2093640872","https://openalex.org/W2168814550","https://openalex.org/W2171613573","https://openalex.org/W2470196169","https://openalex.org/W2515183098","https://openalex.org/W2553421088","https://openalex.org/W2772982727","https://openalex.org/W2896712734","https://openalex.org/W2899467058","https://openalex.org/W2969085751","https://openalex.org/W3019745372","https://openalex.org/W3047335323"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,53,61,117],"model-free":[4],"insulin":[5,21],"titration":[6],"algorithm":[7],"for":[8],"patients":[9,65],"with":[10],"type":[11],"2":[12],"diabetes":[13],"that":[14,100,125],"automatically":[15],"finds":[16],"and":[17,71,109],"maintains":[18],"the":[19,27,47,67,75,80,83,101,112,126],"optimal":[20],"dosage":[22],"in":[23,87],"order":[24],"to":[25,69,74,111,131],"maintain":[26],"blood":[28],"glucose":[29],"concentration":[30],"at":[31],"desired":[32],"levels.":[33],"The":[34],"proposed":[35,48,84,102,127],"method":[36,49,85,103,128],"is":[37,129],"based":[38],"on":[39,60],"recursive":[40],"least":[41],"square-based":[42],"extremum":[43],"seeking":[44],"control.":[45],"Since":[46],"does":[50],"not":[51],"require":[52],"detailed":[54],"model,":[55],"it":[56],"can":[57,104],"be":[58],"applied":[59],"wide":[62],"population":[63,118],"of":[64,82,119],"without":[66],"need":[68],"identify":[70],"adapt":[72],"models":[73],"patient":[76],"data.":[77],"We":[78,97],"demonstrate":[79],"effectiveness":[81],"using":[86,116],"silico":[88],"simulations,":[89],"which":[90],"are":[91],"benchmarked":[92],"against":[93],"two":[94],"standard-of-care":[95],"approaches.":[96],"also":[98],"show":[99,124],"handle":[105,132],"intra-patient":[106],"metabolic":[107],"variations":[108],"non-adherence":[110],"treatment":[113],"regimen.":[114],"Finally,":[115],"50":[120],"virtual":[121],"patients,":[122],"we":[123],"able":[130],"inter-patient":[133],"variations.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}