{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3015588883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.3008078","title":"Deceptive Labeling: Hypergames on Graphs for Stealthy Deception","display_name":"Deceptive Labeling: Hypergames on Graphs for Stealthy Deception","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3015588883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.3008078","mag":"3015588883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2020.3008078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.3008078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.05213","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abhishek N. Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-8507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek N. Kulkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Robotics Engineering Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-8507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Robotics Engineering Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1578-9409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Robotics Engineering Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1578-9409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Robotics Engineering Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nandi O. Leslie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nandi O. Leslie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network Security Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Security Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Charles A. Kamhoua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles A. Kamhoua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network Security Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Security Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jie Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4470-2827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Robotics Engineering Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4470-2827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Robotics Engineering Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8259,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69756143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"977","last_page":"982"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.7976999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.7976999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.031599998474121094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.025200000032782555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"Deception","score":0.7278000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sophistication","display_name":"Sophistication","score":0.7098000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-game","display_name":"Stochastic game","score":0.70169997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6148999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.4916999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reachability","display_name":"Reachability","score":0.4740999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complete-information","display_name":"Complete information","score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-game","display_name":"Sequential game","score":0.3871000111103058}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.7278000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168725872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991663","display_name":"Sophistication","level":2,"score":0.7098000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.70169997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6148999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5918999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.4916999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136643341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361526","display_name":"Reachability","level":2,"score":0.4740999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73795354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287618","display_name":"Sequential game","level":3,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202556891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1584646","display_name":"Repeated game","level":3,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146930158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656416","display_name":"Extensive-form game","level":4,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95815963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377033","display_name":"Game tree","level":4,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25016198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781833","display_name":"Temporal logic","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167573328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439054","display_name":"Screening game","level":4,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88959737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546627","display_name":"Strategy","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47175762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13422573","display_name":"Non-cooperative game","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200594392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812529","display_name":"Bayesian game","level":4,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62658633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1086723","display_name":"Signaling game","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2020.3008078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.3008078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2004.05213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.05213","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.05213","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2004.05213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.05213","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.05213","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1372410301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR00111990015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151480880","https://openalex.org/W564874712","https://openalex.org/W1540883472","https://openalex.org/W1613919729","https://openalex.org/W1971138850","https://openalex.org/W1976919712","https://openalex.org/W1982429087","https://openalex.org/W2005684815","https://openalex.org/W2016206563","https://openalex.org/W2021005313","https://openalex.org/W2055525753","https://openalex.org/W2060375000","https://openalex.org/W2110092041","https://openalex.org/W2115300707","https://openalex.org/W2345160955","https://openalex.org/W2502103274","https://openalex.org/W2803455449","https://openalex.org/W2899773980","https://openalex.org/W2981818741","https://openalex.org/W4233382079","https://openalex.org/W4250744658","https://openalex.org/W4251775324"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,24,35,57,75,78,82,86,103,115,128,136,156,176,180],"increasing":[2],"sophistication":[3],"of":[4,59,77,102,130],"attacks":[5],"on":[6,111,123],"cyber-physical":[7],"systems,":[8],"deception":[9],"has":[10],"emerged":[11],"as":[12,74],"an":[13,60],"effective":[14],"tool":[15],"to":[16,34,44,68,90,113,138,158,174],"improve":[17],"system":[18],"security":[19],"and":[20,134,147,162,179],"safety":[21],"by":[22,50,98,154],"obfuscating":[23],"attacker's":[25],"perception.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28,124],"letter,":[29],"we":[30,126],"present":[31,127],"a":[32,40,46,51,99,107,132,159],"solution":[33,129,137,181],"deceptive":[36,141,144,148],"game":[37,83,161,165,177],"in":[38,56,81],"which":[39,72,93],"control":[41],"agent":[42,63],"is":[43,88,96,172],"satisfy":[45],"Boolean":[47],"objective":[48],"specified":[49],"co-safe":[52],"temporal":[53],"logic":[54],"formula":[55,95],"presence":[58],"adversary.":[61],"The":[62],"intentionally":[64],"introduces":[65],"asymmetric":[66],"information":[67,117],"create":[69],"payoff":[70,120],"misperception,":[71],"manifests":[73],"misperception":[76],"labeling":[79],"function":[80],"model.":[84],"Thus,":[85],"adversary":[87],"unable":[89],"accurately":[91],"determine":[92],"logical":[94],"satisfied":[97],"given":[100],"outcome":[101],"game.":[104],"We":[105],"introduce":[106],"model":[108,178],"called":[109],"hypergame":[110,133,157],"graph":[112],"capture":[114],"asymmetrical":[116],"with":[118,166],"one-sided":[119],"misperception.":[121],"Based":[122],"model,":[125],"such":[131],"use":[135],"synthesize":[139],"stealthy":[140],"strategies.":[142],"Specifically,":[143],"sure":[145],"winning":[146,150],"almost-sure":[149],"strategies":[151],"are":[152],"developed":[153],"reducing":[155],"two-player":[160],"one-player":[163],"stochastic":[164],"reachability":[167],"objectives.":[168],"A":[169],"running":[170],"example":[171],"introduced":[173],"demonstrate":[175],"concept":[182],"used":[183],"for":[184],"strategy":[185],"synthesis.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2020-04-17T00:00:00"}