{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3027937154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.2996957","title":"Private and Hot-Pluggable Distributed Averaging","display_name":"Private and Hot-Pluggable Distributed Averaging","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3027937154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.2996957","mag":"3027937154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2020.2996957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.2996957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047176925","display_name":"Israel L. Donato Ridgley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-5850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Israel L. Donato Ridgley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102856571","display_name":"Randy A. Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8998-3696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randy A. Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101845066","display_name":"Kevin Lynch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-6004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin M. Lynch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047176925"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5106,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85820302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"988","last_page":"993"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.7918614149093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7668521404266357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6932139992713928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6466264724731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrambling","display_name":"Scrambling","score":0.5397416353225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5190261602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digraph","display_name":"Digraph","score":0.4767928123474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.46722209453582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.42508262395858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4050655663013458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4006703495979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.26029783487319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2307206690311432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.08560043573379517}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7918614149093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7668521404266357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6932139992713928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6466264724731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.5397416353225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5190261602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779145032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191494","display_name":"Digraph","level":2,"score":0.4767928123474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.46722209453582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42508262395858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4050655663013458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4006703495979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26029783487319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2307206690311432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.08560043573379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcsys.2020.2996957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.2996957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306422535","display_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","issn_l":"2475-1456","issn":["2475-1456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538118056","https://openalex.org/W1547358136","https://openalex.org/W1998345701","https://openalex.org/W2016179094","https://openalex.org/W2093882311","https://openalex.org/W2164327070","https://openalex.org/W2168138400","https://openalex.org/W2570759866","https://openalex.org/W2594659080","https://openalex.org/W2605226589","https://openalex.org/W2803277648","https://openalex.org/W2886305516","https://openalex.org/W2887509958","https://openalex.org/W2891228443","https://openalex.org/W2916583047","https://openalex.org/W2954339432","https://openalex.org/W2962851675","https://openalex.org/W2963112534","https://openalex.org/W2993317151","https://openalex.org/W2993821328","https://openalex.org/W3011700784"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W936781193","https://openalex.org/W4297633779","https://openalex.org/W69312893","https://openalex.org/W2367775015","https://openalex.org/W2378691479","https://openalex.org/W2394157997","https://openalex.org/W2393662596","https://openalex.org/W3184353992","https://openalex.org/W2128560362","https://openalex.org/W2386594575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Some":[0],"distributed":[1,40,59,170],"optimization":[2,30],"applications":[3],"require":[4,100,154,175],"privacy,":[5],"meaning":[6],"that":[7,73,101],"the":[8,25,28,36,49,63,77,82,102,105,121,127,169],"values":[9,56],"of":[10,38,46,52,65,81,120,178],"certain":[11,110],"parameters":[12],"local":[13],"to":[14,21],"a":[15,44,58,131,139,146],"node":[16,54,89,132],"should":[17],"not":[18,153,161,174,184],"be":[19],"revealed":[20],"other":[22,165],"nodes":[23,47,108],"in":[24,42,57],"network":[26,45,128],"during":[27],"joint":[29],"process.":[31],"A":[32],"special":[33],"case":[34],"is":[35,115,124,138],"problem":[37],"private":[39],"averaging,":[41],"which":[43],"computes":[48],"global":[50,83],"average":[51],"individual":[53],"reference":[55,94,148],"manner":[60],"while":[61],"preserving":[62],"privacy":[64,86],"each":[66],"reference.":[67],"We":[68],"present":[69],"simple":[70],"iterative":[71],"methods":[72],"guarantee":[74],"accuracy":[75],"(i.e.,":[76,87],"exact":[78],"asymptotic":[79],"computation":[80,142],"average)":[84],"and":[85,181],"no":[88,118],"can":[90],"estimate":[91],"another":[92],"node's":[93,147],"value).":[95],"To":[96],"achieve":[97],"this,":[98],"we":[99],"digraph":[103],"modeling":[104],"communication":[106,140],"between":[107],"satisfy":[109],"topological":[111],"conditions.":[112],"Our":[113],"method":[114],"hot-pluggable":[116],"(meaning":[117],"reinitialization":[119],"averaging":[122],"process":[123],"required":[125],"when":[126,136,145],"changes":[129],"or":[130,134,141,144,164],"enters":[133],"leaves,":[135],"there":[137],"fault,":[143],"value":[149],"changes);":[150],"it":[151,159,172,182],"does":[152,160,173,183],"an":[155],"initial":[156],"scrambling":[157],"phase;":[158],"inject":[162],"noise":[163],"masking":[166],"signals":[167],"into":[168],"computation;":[171],"random":[176],"switching":[177],"edge":[179],"weights;":[180],"rely":[185],"on":[186],"homomorphic":[187],"encryption.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
