{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160833293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3691845","title":"Spectral-Efficient Differential Code Shift Keying for Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic Communications","display_name":"Spectral-Efficient Differential Code Shift Keying for Time-Varying Underwater Acoustic Communications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160833293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3691845"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2026.3691845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3691845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135854098","display_name":"Junhao Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6049-897X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135869932","display_name":"Weikai Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7172-1807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weikai Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7172-1807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071735924","display_name":"Xiangming Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8879-9352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangming Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8879-9352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135904561","display_name":"Haixin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-1197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-1197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53806579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"1944","last_page":"1948"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.7028999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.7028999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.0786999985575676,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.043800000101327896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.6482999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keying","display_name":"Keying","score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustics","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-coding","display_name":"Differential coding","score":0.3605000078678131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.6482999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6464999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4837999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398306","display_name":"Keying","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79880414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275338","display_name":"Differential coding","level":3,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163996819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166054","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160987145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13043846","display_name":"Pulse-code modulation","level":3,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55857970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4156818","display_name":"Minimum-shift keying","level":5,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777973058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477284","display_name":"Amplitude-shift keying","level":5,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170030856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136128","display_name":"On-off keying","level":5,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127240579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477229","display_name":"Amplitude and phase-shift keying","level":5,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986910011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Cellular radio","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.25049999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2026.3691845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3691845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2774438223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6130076834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271427","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,20],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,56,67],"differential":[6,69],"code":[7],"shift":[8],"keying":[9],"(Diff-CSK)":[10],"scheme":[11,123],"for":[12,50,84],"spectral-efficient":[13],"and":[14,114,134],"robust":[15],"underwater":[16],"acoustic":[17],"(UWA)":[18],"communications.":[19],"the":[21,24,30,61,73,81,85,100,120],"proposed":[22,121],"Diff-CSK,":[23],"indices":[25],"of":[26,29],"cyclic":[27],"shifts":[28],"preceding":[31],"adjacent":[32],"sequence":[33,59],"are":[34],"employed":[35],"to":[36,79,107],"convey":[37],"information":[38],"bits.":[39],"Unlike":[40],"conventional":[41],"CSK":[42],"schemes":[43],"that":[44,119],"rely":[45],"on":[46],"frequent":[47],"pilot":[48,92],"transmissions":[49],"channel":[51,102],"estimation,":[52],"Diff-CSK":[53,106,122],"transmits":[54],"only":[55],"non-information-bearing":[57],"reference":[58,83],"as":[60],"initial":[62],"pilot.":[63],"Subsequently,":[64],"it":[65],"employs":[66],"decision-directed":[68],"detection":[70],"algorithm":[71],"where":[72],"previous":[74],"symbol":[75],"decision":[76],"is":[77],"used":[78],"reconstruct":[80],"local":[82],"current":[86],"symbol.":[87],"This":[88],"mechanism":[89],"avoids":[90],"repeated":[91],"overhead,":[93],"thereby":[94],"achieving":[95],"higher":[96],"spectral":[97,144],"efficiency.":[98],"Furthermore,":[99],"symbol-by-symbol":[101],"update":[103],"capability":[104],"enables":[105],"effectively":[108],"track":[109],"fast":[110],"time-varying":[111],"channels.":[112],"Simulation":[113],"sea":[115],"trial":[116],"results":[117],"demonstrate":[118],"achieves":[124],"superior":[125],"bit":[126],"error":[127],"rate":[128],"(BER)":[129],"performance":[130],"in":[131],"severe":[132],"multipath":[133],"Doppler":[135],"channels":[136],"compared":[137],"against":[138],"benchmark":[139],"schemes,":[140],"while":[141],"providing":[142],"significant":[143],"efficiency":[145],"gains.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T06:05:50.897203","created_date":"2026-05-12T00:00:00"}
