{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143340471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3678936","title":"Switching-Cost-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Port Selection in Fluid Antenna Systems","display_name":"Switching-Cost-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Port Selection in Fluid Antenna Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143340471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3678936"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2026.3678936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3678936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiaxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5942-069X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5942-069X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130926616","display_name":"Kai Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9431-9391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liqiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-6066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-6066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024123401","display_name":"Gan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-6477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-6477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072963924","display_name":"Huixian Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4660-6465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huixian Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4660-6465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130962242","display_name":"Kai-Kit Wong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Kit Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7521-0078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130951141","display_name":"Chan-Byoung Chae","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Byoung Chae","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-3341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69785868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"1548","last_page":"1552"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.13850000500679016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.13850000500679016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.08919999748468399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.07959999889135361,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6288999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4715000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.2806999981403351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.715499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6288999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4715000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2026.3678936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3678936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fluid":[0],"antenna":[1],"systems":[2],"(FAS)":[3],"have":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,87],"a":[7,88,95,101,116],"promising":[8],"enabling":[9],"technology":[10],"for":[11,73,152],"sixth-generation":[12],"(6G)":[13],"wireless":[14,32],"networks.":[15],"By":[16],"dynamically":[17],"switching":[18],"ports":[19],"according":[20],"to":[21,56,99,109,122,135],"channel":[22],"characteristics,":[23],"FAS":[24,154],"can":[25],"exploit":[26],"spatial":[27],"diversity":[28],"and":[29,61,70,93,115,150],"significantly":[30,143],"enhance":[31],"performance.":[33],"However,":[34],"most":[35],"existing":[36],"studies":[37],"focus":[38],"on":[39],"maximizing":[40],"instantaneous":[41],"throughput":[42,60],"while":[43,142],"neglecting":[44],"the":[45,82,130,138],"long-term":[46,59],"cost":[47,63],"associated":[48],"with":[49],"frequent":[50],"port":[51,84],"switching.":[52],"This":[53],"work":[54],"aims":[55],"jointly":[57],"optimize":[58],"port-switching":[62],"in":[64],"FAS,":[65],"considering":[66],"spatio-temporally":[67],"correlated":[68],"channels":[69],"minimum-rate":[71],"requirements":[72],"each":[74],"user.":[75],"To":[76],"address":[77],"this":[78],"challenge,":[79],"we":[80],"formulate":[81],"dynamic":[83],"selection":[85],"problem":[86],"Markov":[89],"decision":[90,145],"process":[91],"(MDP)":[92],"employ":[94],"dueling":[96],"DQN":[97],"framework":[98],"obtain":[100],"near-optimal":[102],"policy.":[103],"A":[104],"Transformer":[105],"encoder":[106],"is":[107,120],"incorporated":[108],"capture":[110],"spatial-temporal":[111],"dependencies":[112],"among":[113],"ports,":[114],"candidate":[117],"pre-selection":[118],"mechanism":[119],"introduced":[121],"reduce":[123],"training":[124],"complexity.":[125],"Simulation":[126],"results":[127],"show":[128],"that":[129],"proposed":[131],"method":[132],"achieves":[133],"up":[134],"96%":[136],"of":[137],"per-slot":[139],"exhaustive-search":[140],"optimum":[141],"reducing":[144],"latency,":[146],"demonstrating":[147],"high":[148],"efficiency":[149],"scalability":[151],"large-scale":[153],"deployments.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T06:01:17.266235","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}