{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134819674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3671672","title":"Quantifying Energy Scarcity: Energy-Outage Probability for Energy-Harvesting IoT Nodes","display_name":"Quantifying Energy Scarcity: Energy-Outage Probability for Energy-Harvesting IoT Nodes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134819674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3671672"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2026.3671672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3671672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3671672","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018449222","display_name":"Rog\u00e9rio Ballestrin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5699-2432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rog\u00e9rio Ballestrin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5699-2432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084896785","display_name":"Ivan M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2914-0050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2914-0050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2232281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"1355","last_page":"1359"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9241999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9241999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.01510000042617321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6114000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6007000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5906999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bernoullis-principle","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","score":0.5748999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5436999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queue","display_name":"Queue","score":0.5196999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5120999813079834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7268000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6114000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6007000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5906999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152361515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181328","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","level":2,"score":0.5748999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5436999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160403385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543","display_name":"Queue","level":2,"score":0.5196999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.4587000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196921405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786431","display_name":"Online algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2026.3671672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3671672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2026.3671672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3671672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9047687649726868}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1783288283","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"056/2023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330107","funder_display_name":"Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o Industrial"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330107","display_name":"Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o Industrial","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530006748","https://openalex.org/W1976570785","https://openalex.org/W1991094976","https://openalex.org/W2051012133","https://openalex.org/W2560808961","https://openalex.org/W2582331009","https://openalex.org/W2967856446","https://openalex.org/W3131706178","https://openalex.org/W4383536504","https://openalex.org/W4387385675"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"introduces":[2],"the":[3,12,25,30,62,106,122,126,135],"Energy-Outage":[4],"Probability":[5],"(EOP),":[6],"a":[7,36,56,69,78,89,131,142],"closed-form":[8],"metric":[9],"that":[10,14],"quantifies":[11],"likelihood":[13],"an":[15,48,65,100],"energy-harvesting":[16],"(EH)":[17],"node":[18],"has":[19],"data":[20],"to":[21,28,130],"transmit":[22],"but":[23],"lacks":[24],"energy":[26,33,71,75,81],"required":[27],"perform":[29],"transmission.":[31],"Although":[32],"scarcity":[34],"is":[35,128],"key":[37],"limitation":[38],"in":[39,93,104,149],"low-power":[40],"wireless":[41],"systems,":[42],"existing":[43],"analytical":[44,59,123],"models":[45],"rarely":[46],"provide":[47],"explicit":[49],"expression":[50,60],"for":[51,61,145],"this":[52],"probability.":[53],"We":[54],"derive":[55],"compact,":[57],"non-asymptotic":[58],"EOP":[63],"of":[64,156],"EH":[66,150],"transmitter":[67],"with":[68,121],"finite":[70],"storage":[72,164],"system,":[73],"Bernoulli":[74],"arrivals,":[76],"and":[77,99,125,166],"fixed":[79],"per-transmission":[80],"cost.":[82,168],"The":[83,138],"analysis":[84],"reveals":[85],"two":[86],"operating":[87],"regimes:":[88],"queue-limited":[90],"stable":[91],"region":[92,103],"which":[94,105],"arrivals":[95],"are":[96],"fully":[97],"supportable,":[98],"energy-limited":[101],"saturated":[102],"queue":[107],"remains":[108],"persistently":[109],"nonempty.":[110],"Monte":[111],"Carlo":[112],"simulations":[113],"over":[114],"wide":[115],"parameter":[116],"ranges":[117],"show":[118],"close":[119],"agreement":[120],"expressions,":[124],"discrepancy":[127],"confined":[129],"narrow":[132],"band":[133],"around":[134],"regime":[136],"boundary.":[137],"resulting":[139],"formulas":[140],"offer":[141],"simple":[143],"tool":[144],"evaluating":[146],"link":[147],"performance":[148],"IoT":[151],"nodes,":[152],"enabling":[153],"rapid":[154],"exploration":[155],"design":[157],"parameters":[158],"such":[159],"as":[160],"harvesting":[161],"rate,":[162],"reliability,":[163],"capacity,":[165],"transmission":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T06:04:12.930555","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}