{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133563235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3670467","title":"A Label-Free Framework for GNSS Spoofing and Jamming Detection With Cluster-Level Semantic Inference","display_name":"A Label-Free Framework for GNSS Spoofing and Jamming Detection With Cluster-Level Semantic Inference","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133563235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3670467"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2026.3670467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3670467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104112736","display_name":"Qi Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1589-5464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingjing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-0621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-0621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040105964","display_name":"Shunfang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1927-8753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunfang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1927-8753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102753721","display_name":"Zhe Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128078803","display_name":"Ming Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9517-2125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104112736"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4628778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"1280","last_page":"1284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.24580000340938568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.24580000340938568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.13089999556541443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.0746999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.6643000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6635000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3149999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8087999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.6643000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6635000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983325608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084606","display_name":"Data association","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986254709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209588","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2026.3670467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2026.3670467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1248287484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62361055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4725628198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62261059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8809255603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61963037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"Navigation":[1],"Satellite":[2],"System":[3],"(GNSS)":[4],"spoofing":[5,82],"and":[6,19,36,83],"jamming":[7],"have":[8],"become":[9],"increasingly":[10],"prevalent,":[11],"while":[12,53],"real-world":[13,76],"attacks":[14],"are":[15,65],"often":[16],"abrupt,":[17],"short-lived,":[18],"difficult":[20],"to":[21,67],"annotate.":[22],"Motivated":[23],"by":[24],"these":[25],"challenges,":[26],"this":[27],"letter":[28],"designs":[29],"a":[30,54],"label-free":[31],"detection":[32],"framework.":[33],"An":[34],"autoencoder":[35],"unsupervised":[37],"clustering":[38],"extract":[39],"latent":[40],"structures":[41],"from":[42],"unlabeled":[43],"GNSS":[44],"data.":[45,73],"A":[46],"large":[47],"language":[48],"model":[49,57],"evaluates":[50],"cluster-level":[51],"statistics,":[52],"Gaussian":[55],"mixture":[56],"(GMM)":[58],"characterizes":[59],"the":[60],"latent-space":[61],"distribution.":[62],"Their":[63],"outputs":[64],"combined":[66],"produce":[68],"anomaly":[69],"scores":[70],"without":[71],"labeled":[72],"Experiments":[74],"on":[75],"datasets":[77],"achieve":[78],"93.27%/95.44%":[79],"AUC/accuracy":[80],"for":[81,85],"97.45%/97.1%":[84],"jamming.":[86]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:47:17.329874","created_date":"2026-03-05T00:00:00"}
