{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414404883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2025.3612448","title":"Robust Energy-Efficient DRL-Based Optimization in UAV-Mounted RIS Systems With Jitter","display_name":"Robust Energy-Efficient DRL-Based Optimization in UAV-Mounted RIS Systems With Jitter","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414404883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2025.3612448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2025.3612448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2025.3612448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034933331","display_name":"Mahmoud M. Salim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-3621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud M. Salim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-3621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Khaled M. Rabie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-2025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled M. Rabie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-2025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073876438","display_name":"Ali H. Muqaibel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-1987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali H. Muqaibel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-1987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6033,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84550533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"12","first_page":"2780","last_page":"2784"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9656000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5548999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.38510000705718994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7397000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5548999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115527620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769909","display_name":"Nonlinear programming","level":3,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75782508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3333633","display_name":"Cross-entropy method","level":4,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148764684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621751","display_name":"Approximation algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17002908","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2025.3612448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2025.3612448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988456768","https://openalex.org/W3197218539","https://openalex.org/W4321608126","https://openalex.org/W4391742787","https://openalex.org/W4396533196","https://openalex.org/W4400446489","https://openalex.org/W4403600674","https://openalex.org/W4404469580","https://openalex.org/W4405718404","https://openalex.org/W4408609772","https://openalex.org/W4410428528","https://openalex.org/W7092606810"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"we":[3,88],"propose":[4],"an":[5,9,144],"energy-efficient":[6],"design":[7],"for":[8,81],"unmanned":[10],"aerial":[11],"vehicle":[12],"(UAV)-mounted":[13],"reconfigurable":[14],"intelligent":[15],"surface":[16],"(RIS)":[17],"communication":[18],"system":[19],"with":[20],"nonlinear":[21,75],"energy":[22],"harvesting":[23],"(EH)":[24],"and":[25,51,59,67,74,99,118,126,142,158],"UAV":[26,71,139],"jitter.":[27],"A":[28],"joint":[29],"optimization":[30,83],"problem":[31,64,91],"is":[32,65],"formulated":[33],"to":[34,55,70,122],"maximize":[35],"the":[36,40,45,90,132,151],"EH":[37,61,76,146],"efficiency":[38,147],"of":[39,57,148,155],"UAV-mounted":[41],"RIS":[42,48],"by":[43],"controlling":[44],"user":[46],"powers,":[47],"phase":[49],"shifts,":[50],"time-switching":[52],"factor,":[53],"subject":[54],"quality":[56],"service":[58],"practical":[60],"constraints.":[62],"The":[63,110],"nonconvex":[66],"time-coupled":[68],"due":[69],"angular":[72],"jitter":[73,140],"dynamics,":[77],"making":[78],"it":[79],"intractable":[80],"conventional":[82],"methods.":[84],"To":[85],"address":[86],"this,":[87],"reformulate":[89],"as":[92],"a":[93,101],"deep":[94,105],"reinforcement":[95],"learning":[96,124],"(DRL)":[97],"environment":[98],"develop":[100],"smoothed":[102],"softmax":[103],"dual":[104],"deterministic":[106],"policy":[107],"gradient":[108],"algorithm.":[109],"proposed":[111,133],"method":[112],"incorporates":[113],"action":[114],"clipping,":[115],"entropy":[116],"regularization,":[117],"softmax-weighted":[119],"Q-value":[120],"estimation":[121],"improve":[123],"stability":[125],"exploration.":[127],"Simulation":[128],"results":[129],"show":[130],"that":[131],"algorithm":[134],"converges":[135],"reliably":[136],"under":[137],"various":[138],"levels":[141],"achieves":[143],"average":[145],"45.07%,":[149],"approaching":[150],"53.09%":[152],"upper":[153],"bound":[154],"exhaustive":[156],"search,":[157],"outperforming":[159],"other":[160],"DRL":[161],"baselines.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}