{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379528671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2023.3283241","title":"Hybrid Deployment of Multi-Hierarchical RISs for Probabilistic LoS Communication in Dense Urban","display_name":"Hybrid Deployment of Multi-Hierarchical RISs for Probabilistic LoS Communication in Dense Urban","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379528671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2023.3283241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2023.3283241","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2023.3283241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033740734","display_name":"Zhong Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3176-7290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100378341","display_name":"Jing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7199-4784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040907578","display_name":"Zhengchuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2289-5621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengchuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340868","display_name":"Min Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-8947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmission Technology, Postdoctoral Research Center, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","Guangxi Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing Key Laboratory, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmission Technology, Postdoctoral Research Center, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing Key Laboratory, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068953745","display_name":"Yunjian Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-0947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjian Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001469325","display_name":"Dapeng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-0183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dapeng O. Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033740734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52152178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"8","first_page":"2207","last_page":"2211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.797355592250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6530091166496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5716183185577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5096895694732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43062710762023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.42500782012939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.39692530035972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36520373821258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3369595408439636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24264085292816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11186084151268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09747183322906494}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.797355592250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6530091166496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5716183185577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5096895694732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43062710762023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.42500782012939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.39692530035972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36520373821258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3369595408439636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24264085292816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11186084151268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09747183322906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2023.3283241","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2023.3283241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1413043373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3721685819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0933","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5310363271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G718192130","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001074","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8067173641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023CDJXY-037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8529338332","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M710534","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2788428941","https://openalex.org/W2963355537","https://openalex.org/W3026072117","https://openalex.org/W3039402952","https://openalex.org/W3043810557","https://openalex.org/W3081766336","https://openalex.org/W3107731108","https://openalex.org/W3127940641","https://openalex.org/W3132406383","https://openalex.org/W3154003282","https://openalex.org/W3159178565","https://openalex.org/W3201313454","https://openalex.org/W4226492225"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"intelligent":[1],"surface":[2],"(RIS)":[3],"is":[4,42,57,115],"an":[5,101],"emerging":[6],"technology":[7],"for":[8,19,146],"enabling":[9],"the":[10,20,46,60,81,89,96,126,129,133,140,144,156,164],"manipulation":[11],"of":[12,25,35,48,64,71,84,92,98,128,136,143,155,159],"wireless":[13,26],"environments,":[14],"which":[15],"shows":[16],"great":[17],"potential":[18],"coverage":[21],"and":[22,37,86,88,111,119,139,150],"capacity":[23],"enhancements":[24],"networks.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29,99],"letter,":[30],"a":[31,152],"hybrid":[32,160],"deployment":[33,91,142,161],"scheme":[34,158],"terrestrial":[36],"aerial":[38],"RISs":[39,138],"(TRIS,":[40],"ARIS)":[41],"proposed":[43,116,157],"to":[44,58,95,117],"avoid":[45],"obstruction":[47],"light-of-sight":[49],"(LoS)":[50],"communication":[51],"in":[52,67],"dense":[53,72],"urban.":[54],"The":[55],"objective":[56],"maximize":[59],"minimum":[61],"average":[62],"rate":[63],"users":[65],"located":[66],"different":[68],"blind":[69],"zones":[70],"urban":[73],"by":[74],"jointly":[75],"optimizing":[76],"transmit":[77],"beamforming":[78],"at":[79],"BS,":[80],"reflecting":[82],"coefficients":[83],"TRISs":[85],"ARIS,":[87],"height":[90,141],"ARIS.":[93],"Due":[94],"non-convexity":[97],"problem,":[100],"effective":[102],"iterative":[103],"method":[104],"including":[105],"fractional":[106],"programming,":[107],"projected":[108],"subgradient":[109],"method,":[110],"local":[112],"region":[113],"optimization":[114,131],"divide":[118],"conquer":[120],"each":[121],"subproblem.":[122],"Numerical":[123],"simulations":[124],"indicate":[125],"effectiveness":[127],"joint":[130],"on":[132],"passive":[134],"beamformings":[135],"multi-hierarchical":[137],"ARIS":[145],"enhancing":[147],"system":[148],"performance,":[149],"demonstrate":[151],"clear":[153],"gain":[154],"compared":[162],"with":[163],"benchmark":[165],"schemes.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}