{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297310222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2022.3209867","title":"WSEE Optimization of Cell-Free mMIMO Uplink Using Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient","display_name":"WSEE Optimization of Cell-Free mMIMO Uplink Using Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297310222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2022.3209867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2022.3209867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2022.3209867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006627424","display_name":"Abhinav Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-7078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abhinav Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070915354","display_name":"Venkatesh Tentu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-5506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkatesh Tentu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076102126","display_name":"Dheeraj Naidu Amudala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7490-8896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dheeraj Naidu Amudala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004699135","display_name":"Rohit Budhiraja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5747-1549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohit Budhiraja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006627424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2745,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53046922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":"219","last_page":"223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7610435485839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6866140365600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6574808359146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.615101158618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5240443348884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5073222517967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.460616797208786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.4448188841342926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4223201274871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39094898104667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3476244807243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24417921900749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23127716779708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.10302004218101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08585900068283081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7610435485839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6866140365600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6574808359146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.615101158618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5240443348884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5073222517967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.460616797208786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.4448188841342926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4223201274871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39094898104667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3476244807243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24417921900749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23127716779708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.10302004218101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08585900068283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2022.3209867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2022.3209867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2775482448","https://openalex.org/W2966223819","https://openalex.org/W2989598077","https://openalex.org/W3015844993","https://openalex.org/W3034281970","https://openalex.org/W3183478447","https://openalex.org/W3188358066","https://openalex.org/W3216772467","https://openalex.org/W4293229790","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W4361867455","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6739193204","https://openalex.org/W6770407973","https://openalex.org/W6804601995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W2366107444","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W1761601995","https://openalex.org/W4300468626","https://openalex.org/W2904599916","https://openalex.org/W2097713053","https://openalex.org/W4321608401","https://openalex.org/W2909457694"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cell-free":[0],"(CF)":[1],"massive":[2],"multiple-input":[3],"multiple-output":[4],"(mMIMO)":[5],"systems":[6],"are":[7],"being":[8,62],"actively":[9],"investigated.":[10],"We":[11,41,51,77],"optimize":[12],"the":[13,20,43,54,57,65,70,75,99],"weighted":[14],"sum":[15],"energy":[16],"efficiency":[17],"(WSEE)":[18],"for":[19],"uplink":[21],"of":[22,56,74],"a":[23,47],"CF":[24,72],"mMIMO":[25],"system":[26],"by":[27],"using":[28],"deep":[29],"deterministic":[30],"policy":[31],"gradient":[32],"(DDPG)":[33],"technique,":[34],"which":[35,91],"does":[36],"not":[37],"require":[38],"labeled":[39],"data.":[40],"formulate":[42],"WSEE":[44,108],"optimization":[45],"as":[46],"reinforcement":[48],"learning":[49],"problem.":[50],"first":[52],"show":[53],"limitations":[55],"reward":[58,80],"function":[59],"and":[60,82,84,95,110],"states":[61],"used":[63],"in":[64],"baseline":[66,100],"DDPG":[67,89,101],"technique":[68],"from":[69],"existing":[71],"state":[73],"art.":[76],"construct":[78],"improved":[79],"functions":[81],"states,":[83],"then":[85],"propose":[86],"two":[87],"novel":[88],"variants":[90,105],"have":[92],"better":[93],"sampling":[94],"exploration":[96],"capabilities":[97],"than":[98],"technique.":[102],"The":[103],"proposed":[104],"provide":[106],"4%":[107],"gain,":[109],"<inline-formula":[111],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[112],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[113],"<tex-math":[114],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5\\times":[115],"$":[116],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[117],"faster":[118],"convergence.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}