{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210461218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2022.3148037","title":"An Artificial Radio Frequency Fingerprint Embedding Scheme for Device Identification","display_name":"An Artificial Radio Frequency Fingerprint Embedding Scheme for Device Identification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210461218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2022.3148037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2022.3148037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2022.3148037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101425902","display_name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3381-4310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3381-4310","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075678549","display_name":"Aiqun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0398-4899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiqun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China","National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0398-4899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013867024","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China","National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-8382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101783267","display_name":"Jiabao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-5239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiabao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-5239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397579","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-1518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-1518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87806737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"5","first_page":"974","last_page":"978"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.944100022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.800728976726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7554014921188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5854766368865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.5828527808189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5610595941543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency-identification","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","score":0.5308296084403992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5229190587997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.49035215377807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.4694720506668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.46158650517463684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.43881526589393616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4327777624130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification-scheme","display_name":"Identification scheme","score":0.4249451160430908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4200414717197418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.41222649812698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3675209879875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3562902510166168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32528021931648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1697932481765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16826394200325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1566551923751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.10629349946975708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.800728976726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7554014921188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5854766368865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.5828527808189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5610595941543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204222849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104954","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","level":2,"score":0.5308296084403992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5229190587997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49035215377807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4694720506668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.46158650517463684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.43881526589393616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4327777624130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778922385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3475620","display_name":"Identification scheme","level":3,"score":0.4249451160430908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4200414717197418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.41222649812698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3675209879875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3562902510166168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32528021931648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1697932481765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16826394200325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1566551923751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.10629349946975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2022.3148037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2022.3148037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4378559457","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61941115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1874399837","https://openalex.org/W1957358593","https://openalex.org/W2036172907","https://openalex.org/W2044252935","https://openalex.org/W2052476756","https://openalex.org/W2063765348","https://openalex.org/W2114053787","https://openalex.org/W2161518625","https://openalex.org/W2803989302","https://openalex.org/W2903139904","https://openalex.org/W2938144699","https://openalex.org/W3012361595","https://openalex.org/W3105108969","https://openalex.org/W3154667606","https://openalex.org/W3194865194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W4389371618","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W2148654711","https://openalex.org/W2608025327","https://openalex.org/W1621827506","https://openalex.org/W1942251683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radio":[0],"frequency":[1,75],"fingerprint":[2,76],"(RFF)":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5,72,100],"intrinsic":[6],"physical":[7],"characteristic":[8],"of":[9,35,41,51,55,88,95,126],"the":[10,32,39,56,86,93,124,127],"device":[11,29,81],"caused":[12],"by":[13],"hardware":[14],"imperfection.":[15],"It":[16],"can":[17],"be":[18],"extracted":[19],"from":[20],"wireless":[21],"signals":[22],"and":[23,90,116,152],"has":[24,154],"been":[25],"widely":[26],"applied":[27],"for":[28,80],"identification.":[30],"However,":[31],"improving":[33],"precision":[34],"electronic":[36],"components":[37],"reduces":[38],"distinguishability":[40,87],"RFF,":[42],"which":[43,83],"makes":[44],"it":[45],"difficult":[46],"to":[47,131],"identify":[48],"large":[49],"amount":[50],"devices":[52,141],"that":[53,122,143],"are":[54],"same":[57],"model,":[58],"especially":[59],"in":[60],"a":[61,107,117,133],"low":[62],"signal-to-noise":[63],"ratio":[64],"(SNR)":[65],"scenario.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"letter,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"artificial":[73],"radio":[74],"(ARFF)":[77],"embedding":[78,120],"scheme":[79,98,147],"identification,":[82],"greatly":[84],"increases":[85],"fingerprints":[89],"minimally":[91],"affects":[92],"performance":[94],"communication.":[96],"The":[97],"includes":[99],"adaptive":[101],"filter":[102],"based":[103,112,146],"RFF":[104,130],"extraction":[105],"method,":[106],"principal":[108],"component":[109],"analysis":[110],"(PCA)":[111],"ARFF":[113,119,135,145],"generation":[114],"algorithm":[115,121],"proposed":[118],"eliminates":[123],"influence":[125],"device\u2019s":[128],"original":[129],"form":[132],"preset":[134],"pattern.":[136],"Experimental":[137],"results":[138],"on":[139,157],"ZigBee":[140],"demonstrate":[142],"our":[144],"achieves":[148],"99.91%":[149],"identification":[150],"accuracy":[151],"simultaneously":[153],"little":[155],"impact":[156],"bit":[158],"error":[159],"rate.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}