{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095464955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2020.3034865","title":"Analysis of the Reliability of LoRa","display_name":"Analysis of the Reliability of LoRa","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095464955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2020.3034865","mag":"3095464955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2020.3034865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2020.3034865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.00365","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058983688","display_name":"qahhar muhammad qadir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-8712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46208956","display_name":"Salahaddin University-Erbil","ror":"https://ror.org/02124dd11","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46208956"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qahhar Muhammad Qadir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Salahaddin University - Erbil, Erbil, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-8712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Salahaddin University - Erbil, Erbil, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46208956"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058983688"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46208956"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85306,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"3","first_page":"1037","last_page":"1040"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonality","display_name":"Orthogonality","score":0.8043948411941528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect","display_name":"Imperfect","score":0.6242239475250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.5981595516204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5649663805961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5619459748268127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5590652823448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5517221093177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annulus","display_name":"Annulus (botany)","score":0.49926066398620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4485968351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.4428812265396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4169584810733795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.4130024313926697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3209246098995209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30674463510513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27504226565361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.2118774652481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1726086139678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15664637088775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.09100446105003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.08147948980331421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17137986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215067","display_name":"Orthogonality","level":2,"score":0.8043948411941528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.6242239475250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.5981595516204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5649663805961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5619459748268127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5590652823448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5517221093177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150936888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4769748","display_name":"Annulus (botany)","level":2,"score":0.49926066398620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4485968351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4428812265396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4169584810733795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4130024313926697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3209246098995209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30674463510513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27504226565361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2118774652481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1726086139678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15664637088775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.09100446105003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.08147948980331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2020.3034865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2020.3034865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.00365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.00365","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.00365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.00365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.00365","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.00365","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W598996319","https://openalex.org/W631335369","https://openalex.org/W1522045078","https://openalex.org/W2112068091","https://openalex.org/W2164599584","https://openalex.org/W2328724333","https://openalex.org/W2537187694","https://openalex.org/W2792195154","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W2887143404","https://openalex.org/W2902663063","https://openalex.org/W2946248107","https://openalex.org/W2962691290","https://openalex.org/W2964281967","https://openalex.org/W2982353875","https://openalex.org/W2991027810","https://openalex.org/W3045976951"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379021478","https://openalex.org/W2095582735","https://openalex.org/W2059318893","https://openalex.org/W1965698851","https://openalex.org/W834942123","https://openalex.org/W4232542516","https://openalex.org/W1967331680","https://openalex.org/W3176637561","https://openalex.org/W1587967017","https://openalex.org/W2374250903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"studies":[2],"the":[3,12,18,37,74,77,90,115,124,127,132,138],"performance":[4,91,101,116],"of":[5,14,25,76,79,97,126,141],"a":[6,30,60,95],"single":[7],"gateway":[8],"LoRa":[9,53],"system":[10],"in":[11,73],"presence":[13,75],"different":[15],"interference":[16],"considering":[17],"imperfect":[19,84],"orthogonality":[20,85,106],"effect.":[21],"It":[22,69],"utilizes":[23],"concepts":[24],"stochastic":[26],"geometry":[27],"to":[28,66],"present":[29],"low-complexity":[31],"approximate":[32],"closed-form":[33],"model":[34],"for":[35],"computing":[36],"success":[38],"and":[39,83,109,120],"coverage":[40,133],"probabilities":[41],"under":[42],"these":[43],"challenging":[44],"conditions.":[45],"Monte":[46],"Carlo":[47],"simulation":[48],"results":[49],"have":[50],"shown":[51],"that":[52,62,72],"is":[54,102,107,111,117],"not":[55,112],"as":[56,59,137],"theoretically":[57],"described":[58],"technology":[61],"can":[63],"cover":[64],"few":[65],"ten":[67],"kilometers.":[68,98],"was":[70],"found":[71],"combination":[78],"signal-to-noise":[80],"ratio":[81],"(SNR)":[82],"between":[86],"spreading":[87],"factors":[88],"(SF),":[89],"degrades":[92],"dramatically":[93],"beyond":[94],"couple":[96],"However,":[99],"better":[100],"observed":[103],"when":[104],"perfect":[105],"considered":[108],"SNR":[110],"included.":[113],"Furthermore,":[114],"annulus":[118],"dependent":[119],"slightly":[121],"improves":[122],"at":[123],"border":[125],"deployment":[128],"cell":[129],"annuli.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"probability":[134],"declines":[135],"exponentially":[136],"average":[139],"number":[140],"end":[142],"devices":[143],"grows.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
