{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964505494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2019.2932417","title":"Unsupervised Machine Intelligence for Automation of Multi-Dimensional Modulation","display_name":"Unsupervised Machine Intelligence for Automation of Multi-Dimensional Modulation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964505494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2019.2932417","mag":"2964505494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2019.2932417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2019.2932417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/151905/1/FINAL_VERSION.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006146719","display_name":"Youngwook Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0199-652X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youngwook Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen\u2019s Univerity Belfast, Belfast, U.K","School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's Univerity Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0199-652X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen\u2019s Univerity Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's Univerity Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022303970","display_name":"Jinho Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4895-6680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinho Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4895-6680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006146719"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1451,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57492277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"1783","last_page":"1786"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.9447000026702881,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8366824388504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.6700990796089172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.62720787525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5921648144721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5808687210083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5652284026145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5595128536224365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5039042830467224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.48970940709114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.47272437810897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4518517851829529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10810348391532898}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8366824388504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.6700990796089172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.62720787525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5921648144721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5808687210083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5652284026145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5595128536224365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5039042830467224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.48970940709114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.47272437810897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4518517851829529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10810348391532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2019.2932417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2019.2932417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:151905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/151905/1/FINAL_VERSION.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/20730988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Unsupervised_machine_intelligence_for_automation_of_multi-dimensional_modulation/20730988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:151905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/151905/1/FINAL_VERSION.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2964505494.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2964505494.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1906224694","https://openalex.org/W2025052910","https://openalex.org/W2050492077","https://openalex.org/W2540924152","https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2784665603","https://openalex.org/W2790896200","https://openalex.org/W2825216457","https://openalex.org/W2883688806","https://openalex.org/W2899300141","https://openalex.org/W2907154922","https://openalex.org/W2963190722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804364458","https://openalex.org/W4298130764","https://openalex.org/W2132641928","https://openalex.org/W2090259340","https://openalex.org/W4310225030","https://openalex.org/W2083665254","https://openalex.org/W2393816671","https://openalex.org/W1534720161","https://openalex.org/W1926736923","https://openalex.org/W2218202131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,12,32,82],"new":[6],"unsupervised":[7,59],"machine":[8],"learning":[9],"technique":[10],"for":[11,44],"multi-dimensional":[13,26,38,68],"modulator":[14],"that":[15,73],"can":[16,77],"autonomously":[17],"learn":[18],"key":[19],"exploitable":[20],"features":[21],"from":[22],"significant":[23],"variations":[24],"of":[25,35,57,66,84],"wireless":[27],"propagation":[28],"parameters,":[29],"followed":[30],"by":[31],"real-time":[33],"prediction":[34],"the":[36,45,55,58,63,74,79],"best":[37],"modulation":[39],"mode":[40],"to":[41,53],"be":[42],"used":[43],"next":[46],"resilient":[47],"transmission.":[48,69],"The":[49],"proposed":[50,75],"method":[51],"aims":[52],"embrace":[54],"potential":[56],"K-means":[60],"clustering":[61],"into":[62],"physical":[64],"layer":[65],"non-coherent":[67],"Simulation":[70],"results":[71],"show":[72],"scheme":[76],"outperform":[78],"benchmarks":[80],"at":[81],"cost":[83],"simple":[85],"offline":[86],"training.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
