{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2886717398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2864725","title":"Toward Convolutional Neural Networks on Pulse Repetition Interval Modulation Recognition","display_name":"Toward Convolutional Neural Networks on Pulse Repetition Interval Modulation Recognition","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2886717398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2864725","mag":"2886717398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2018.2864725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2864725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028578817","display_name":"Xueqiong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-4947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqiong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Science Department, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-4947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Science Department, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101706871","display_name":"Zhitao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-5181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhitao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Science Department, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Science Department, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603151","display_name":"Fenghua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4656-2629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fenghua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Science Department, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Science Department, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388989","display_name":"Xiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-2644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Science Department, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Science Department, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102949546","display_name":"Tianrui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-3310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianrui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8528,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95868848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"11","first_page":"2286","last_page":"2289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.9365000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.8105370402336121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7440981268882751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-warfare","display_name":"Electronic warfare","score":0.7396187782287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7374839782714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6542152166366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.6457613110542297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-repetition-frequency","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","score":0.5994431972503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.5035297274589539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4905075430870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46451300382614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repetition","display_name":"Repetition (rhetorical device)","score":0.42764365673065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.37863096594810486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3753039240837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36507415771484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29192835092544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13771647214889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11811074614524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.1117594838142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0963478684425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.09257084131240845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.8105370402336121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7440981268882751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133082901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272826","display_name":"Electronic warfare","level":3,"score":0.7396187782287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7374839782714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6542152166366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.6457613110542297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182862853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575887","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","level":3,"score":0.5994431972503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.5035297274589539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4905075430870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46451300382614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776141515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1274479","display_name":"Repetition (rhetorical device)","level":2,"score":0.42764365673065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37863096594810486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3753039240837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36507415771484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29192835092544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13771647214889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11811074614524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.1117594838142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0963478684425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.09257084131240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2018.2864725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2864725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G633318483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61401490","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543903319","https://openalex.org/W2083345726","https://openalex.org/W2089070963","https://openalex.org/W2093655330","https://openalex.org/W2165022166","https://openalex.org/W2594396939","https://openalex.org/W2782286039","https://openalex.org/W6734189058"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3113091479","https://openalex.org/W2162899405","https://openalex.org/W2098241101","https://openalex.org/W4389302554","https://openalex.org/W2097221511","https://openalex.org/W2093655330","https://openalex.org/W3165235970","https://openalex.org/W3093927415","https://openalex.org/W2351499910","https://openalex.org/W3174003812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"modern":[1,47],"electronic":[2,12],"warfare":[3],"environments,":[4],"there":[5],"are":[6,41],"multiple-radar":[7],"transmitting":[8],"signals.":[9],"For":[10],"an":[11],"support":[13],"system,":[14],"it":[15,28],"is":[16,29,77,95,109],"essential":[17],"to":[18,32,44,51,98],"recognize":[19,45],"the":[20,33,52,99],"modulation":[21,69],"of":[22,35,55],"pulse":[23],"repetition":[24],"intervals":[25],"(PRIs),":[26],"since":[27],"directly":[30],"related":[31],"indication":[34],"radar":[36],"emitters.":[37],"However,":[38],"PRI":[39,68],"modulations":[40],"more":[42],"difficult":[43],"in":[46,79,119],"electronical":[48],"environments":[49],"due":[50],"high":[53],"ratio":[54],"lost":[56,102,113],"and":[57,103,115],"spurious":[58,104,117],"pulses.":[59,105],"Therefore,":[60],"a":[61,72],"fully":[62],"automatic":[63],"approach":[64],"for":[65],"recognizing":[66],"seven":[67],"types":[70],"using":[71],"convolutional":[73],"neural":[74],"network":[75],"(CNN)":[76],"proposed":[78],"this":[80],"letter.":[81],"Simulation":[82],"results":[83],"show":[84],"that":[85],"our":[86],"CNN-based":[87],"recognition":[88,107],"method":[89],"not":[90],"only":[91],"promotes":[92],"performance":[93],"but":[94],"also":[96],"robust":[97],"environment":[100],"with":[101,111],"The":[106],"accuracy":[108],"96.1%":[110],"50%":[112],"pulses":[114,118],"20%":[116],"simulation":[120],"scenario.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
