{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800381687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2828800","title":"Estimating the Randomness of Domain Names for DGA Bot Callbacks","display_name":"Estimating the Randomness of Domain Names for DGA Bot Callbacks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800381687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2828800","mag":"2800381687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2018.2828800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2828800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091256957","display_name":"Akihiro Satoh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-1041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207014233","display_name":"Kyushu Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02278tr80","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akihiro Satoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-1041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101476276","display_name":"Yutaka Nakamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1832-5412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207014233","display_name":"Kyushu Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02278tr80","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutaka Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1832-5412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071994751","display_name":"Daiki Nobayashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0630-879X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207014233","display_name":"Kyushu Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02278tr80","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daiki Nobayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0630-879X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079405967","display_name":"Takeshi Ikenaga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9022-0813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207014233","display_name":"Kyushu Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02278tr80","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeshi Ikenaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9022-0813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5164,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84152854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"1378","last_page":"1381"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/callback","display_name":"Callback","score":0.9772732257843018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8449532985687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.7005591988563538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-name","display_name":"Domain name","score":0.6290872693061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.612205982208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.5899659991264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-domain","display_name":"Security domain","score":0.5466667413711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.48318687081336975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4727804660797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1580428183078766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.07954344153404236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204495577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1205349","display_name":"Callback","level":2,"score":0.9772732257843018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8449532985687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.7005591988563538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988987868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32635","display_name":"Domain name","level":3,"score":0.6290872693061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.612205982208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.5899659991264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780264999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445032","display_name":"Security domain","level":2,"score":0.5466667413711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48318687081336975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4727804660797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1580428183078766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.07954344153404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2018.2828800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2828800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1631722984","https://openalex.org/W2082550445","https://openalex.org/W2129781478","https://openalex.org/W2276488401","https://openalex.org/W2410828832","https://openalex.org/W2464432954","https://openalex.org/W2487301225","https://openalex.org/W2509891819","https://openalex.org/W2528500008","https://openalex.org/W2528572867","https://openalex.org/W2606775912","https://openalex.org/W6719105664","https://openalex.org/W6736135142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2543487408","https://openalex.org/W2396428793","https://openalex.org/W2949614803","https://openalex.org/W2907376671","https://openalex.org/W2290321311","https://openalex.org/W2388837172","https://openalex.org/W2550639513","https://openalex.org/W2591856843","https://openalex.org/W2961130895","https://openalex.org/W2800381687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bots":[0],"are":[1],"some":[2],"of":[3,38,46,65,76,81],"the":[4,9,36,43,59,63],"most":[5],"serious":[6],"threats.":[7],"Although":[8],"administrators":[10],"must":[11],"remove":[12],"bots":[13,20,39],"that":[14],"reside":[15],"in":[16],"their":[17],"networks,":[18],"many":[19],"have":[21],"domain":[22,44,66],"generation":[23],"algorithms":[24],"(DGAs)":[25],"to":[26,86,94],"avoid":[27],"detection.":[28],"A":[29],"DGA":[30],"is":[31],"a":[32,47,74,79],"technique":[33],"for":[34,57],"hiding":[35],"callbacks":[37,60],"by":[40],"frequently":[41],"changing":[42],"name":[45],"command-and-control":[48],"server.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"letter,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"an":[55],"approach":[56,92],"detecting":[58],"based":[61],"on":[62],"randomness":[64],"names.":[67],"Our":[68],"evaluation":[69],"indicates":[70],"high":[71],"performance,":[72],"with":[73],"recall":[75],"0.9960":[77],"and":[78],"precision":[80],"0.9029.":[82],"By":[83],"enabling":[84],"one":[85],"swiftly":[87],"address":[88],"various":[89],"bots,":[90],"our":[91],"contributes":[93],"dramatically":[95],"improving":[96],"network":[97],"security.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}