{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794892332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2821171","title":"Continuous Phase Modulation Classification via Baum-Welch Algorithm","display_name":"Continuous Phase Modulation Classification via Baum-Welch Algorithm","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794892332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2821171","mag":"2794892332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2018.2821171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2821171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101935050","display_name":"Jingwen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-2452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingwen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102985769","display_name":"Fanggang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2014-7611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fanggang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350955","display_name":"Zhangdui Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8889-7374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangdui Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089256340","display_name":"Shilian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4132-8750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shilian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101935050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6061,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91854222,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"1390","last_page":"1393"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9690999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8113102912902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-phase-modulation","display_name":"Continuous phase modulation","score":0.7696028351783752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6710675954818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6369017958641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.5748381614685059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.5415014028549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5015554428100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4761621654033661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.44349026679992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-entropy-markov-model","display_name":"Maximum-entropy Markov model","score":0.4168335199356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4140295684337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.3943808972835541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37897565960884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.2885088324546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28096190094947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.2713508605957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2073771059513092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.15768173336982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13119736313819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-property","display_name":"Markov property","score":0.1274971067905426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.10122224688529968}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8113102912902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C343090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165504","display_name":"Continuous phase modulation","level":2,"score":0.7696028351783752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6710675954818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6369017958641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.5748381614685059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.5415014028549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5015554428100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4761621654033661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.44349026679992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196956702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795829","display_name":"Maximum-entropy Markov model","level":5,"score":0.4168335199356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4140295684337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.3943808972835541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37897565960884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.2885088324546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28096190094947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.2713508605957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2073771059513092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.15768173336982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13119736313819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189973286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176695","display_name":"Markov property","level":4,"score":0.1274971067905426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.10122224688529968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2018.2821171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2821171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1149556844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RCS2018ZT016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323067","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1977818731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61725101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3073121479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61571034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5569045865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018JBM078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6199507271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017JBM304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7847832467","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L172020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8384655518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4182051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307798","display_name":"Nokia","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323067","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520508279","https://openalex.org/W2005956500","https://openalex.org/W2107889835","https://openalex.org/W2124555855","https://openalex.org/W2125242600","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2142363115","https://openalex.org/W2147735901","https://openalex.org/W2156909057","https://openalex.org/W2163785141","https://openalex.org/W2170778725","https://openalex.org/W2737648313","https://openalex.org/W2962908536"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134386692","https://openalex.org/W2379938888","https://openalex.org/W2033841185","https://openalex.org/W2386239900","https://openalex.org/W2112440221","https://openalex.org/W2103743127","https://openalex.org/W2109657376","https://openalex.org/W2116722627","https://openalex.org/W324399734","https://openalex.org/W3026168742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,70],"high":[2],"spectral":[3],"and":[4],"power":[5],"efficiency,":[6],"continuous":[7],"phase":[8],"modulation":[9],"(CPM)":[10],"is":[11,61,68],"widely":[12],"adopted":[13],"in":[14,31,75,92],"wireless":[15],"communications,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,46],"satellite":[19],"communications.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22],"letter,":[23],"we":[24],"investigate":[25],"the":[26,32,64,72,76,82,86],"classification":[27,95],"of":[28,34,41,94],"CPM":[29,42],"signals":[30],"presence":[33],"unknown":[35,73],"fading":[36],"channels.":[37],"The":[38],"time-varying":[39],"phases":[40],"are":[43],"first":[44],"formulated":[45],"a":[47,58],"hidden":[48],"Markov":[49],"model":[50],"(HMM)":[51],"by":[52],"observing":[53],"its":[54],"memorable":[55],"property.":[56],"Then,":[57],"likelihood-based":[59],"classifier":[60],"proposed":[62,83],"using":[63,89],"Baum-Welch":[65],"algorithm,":[66],"which":[67],"able":[69],"estimate":[71],"parameters":[74],"HMM.":[77],"Simulation":[78],"results":[79],"show":[80],"that":[81],"algorithm":[84],"outperforms":[85],"existing":[87],"scheme":[88],"approximate":[90],"entropy":[91],"terms":[93],"performance.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
