{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002651496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2387168","title":"Gradient-Based Real-Time Spectrum Sensing at Low SNR","display_name":"Gradient-Based Real-Time Spectrum Sensing at Low SNR","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002651496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2387168","mag":"2002651496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2014.2387168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2387168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007469526","display_name":"Santasril Koley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189109744","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Dhanbad","ror":"https://ror.org/013v3cc28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santasril Koley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Indian Sch. Of Mines, Dhanbad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Indian Sch. Of Mines, Dhanbad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039265853","display_name":"Vishal Mirza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189109744","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Dhanbad","ror":"https://ror.org/013v3cc28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vishal Mirza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Indian Sch. Of Mines, Dhanbad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Indian Sch. Of Mines, Dhanbad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103427883","display_name":"Saif Islam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189109744","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Dhanbad","ror":"https://ror.org/013v3cc28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saif Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Indian Sch. Of Mines, Dhanbad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Indian Sch. Of Mines, Dhanbad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102024850","display_name":"Debjani Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8690-0406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189109744","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Dhanbad","ror":"https://ror.org/013v3cc28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debjani Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Indian Sch. Of Mines, Dhanbad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Indian Sch. Of Mines, Dhanbad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189109744"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88113436,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"391","last_page":"394"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.8088142275810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.7509127259254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7164598703384399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.6380366086959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.54616779088974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5411703586578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gsm","display_name":"GSM","score":0.48593345284461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4784679114818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4639347195625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.44251981377601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4263913333415985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-density","display_name":"Spectral density","score":0.4198121726512909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-power","display_name":"Noise power","score":0.41221725940704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3004207909107208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2331652045249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23003649711608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19073906540870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1618959903717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11728748679161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10044294595718384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.8088142275810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7509127259254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7164598703384399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.6380366086959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.54616779088974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5411703586578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59201141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46904","display_name":"GSM","level":2,"score":0.48593345284461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4784679114818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4639347195625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.44251981377601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4263913333415985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.4198121726512909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203234222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133519","display_name":"Noise power","level":3,"score":0.41221725940704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3004207909107208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2331652045249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23003649711608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19073906540870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1618959903717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11728748679161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10044294595718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2014.2387168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2387168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982575274","https://openalex.org/W2014461852","https://openalex.org/W2087573023","https://openalex.org/W2098777482","https://openalex.org/W2101840010","https://openalex.org/W2105491959","https://openalex.org/W2105961436","https://openalex.org/W2106095451","https://openalex.org/W2118213273","https://openalex.org/W2128426405","https://openalex.org/W2160616487","https://openalex.org/W2168078104","https://openalex.org/W6675646352","https://openalex.org/W6683686997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063322879","https://openalex.org/W2365415733","https://openalex.org/W1644717624","https://openalex.org/W4200379864","https://openalex.org/W2130267323","https://openalex.org/W2380451605","https://openalex.org/W2131502229","https://openalex.org/W4238062003","https://openalex.org/W2131242830","https://openalex.org/W1529991411"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,5,61,81,84,109,116,122,136,147],"the":[2,59,79,82,103,106,117,123,148,154,165],"main":[3],"steps":[4],"enabling":[6],"dynamic":[7],"spectrum":[8,14],"allocation":[9],"for":[10],"cognitive":[11],"radios":[12],"is":[13,73,87,150,158],"sensing.":[15],"Two":[16],"critical":[17],"problems":[18],"in":[19,26,45,66,95,164],"sensing":[20,46,71,163],"a":[21,33,47,68,99,133],"wide":[22,134],"bandwidth":[23,72],"are":[24],"variations":[25],"noise":[27,112,118],"power":[28],"and":[29,78,89,111,167],"degraded":[30],"performance":[31,146],"at":[32,140],"low":[34,137],"SNR.":[35],"The":[36,49,70,120,144,156],"common":[37],"FCME":[38],"approach":[39,149],"may":[40],"lead":[41],"to":[42],"missed":[43],"detection":[44,53,145],"wideband.":[48],"improved":[50],"gradient-based":[51],"energy":[52],"method":[54],"proposed":[55,124],"here":[56],"satisfactorily":[57],"addresses":[58],"problem":[60],"choosing":[62],"an":[63],"appropriate":[64],"threshold":[65,101],"such":[67],"scenario.":[69],"divided":[74],"into":[75],"smaller":[76],"subbands,":[77],"gradient":[80],"mean":[83],"subbands":[85],"(GMSB)":[86],"computed":[88],"summed":[90],"over":[91,132,160],"past":[92],"data":[93],"samples":[94],"each":[96],"subband.":[97],"Applying":[98],"histogram-based":[100],"on":[102],"GMSB":[104],"enables":[105],"accurate":[107],"distinction":[108],"signal":[110,142],"without":[113],"perfect":[114],"knowledge":[115],"floor.":[119],"theory":[121],"algorithm":[125],"has":[126],"been":[127],"validated":[128],"with":[129],"numerical":[130],"simulations":[131],"range":[135],"SNR":[138],"values":[139],"different":[141],"bandwidths.":[143],"more":[151],"effective":[152],"than":[153],"FCME.":[155],"technique":[157],"tested":[159],"real-time":[161],"wideband":[162],"GSM":[166],"CDMA":[168],"bands.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
