{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004992251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2333006","title":"Joint TOA and DOA Localization in Indoor Environment Using Virtual Stations","display_name":"Joint TOA and DOA Localization in Indoor Environment Using Virtual Stations","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004992251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2333006","mag":"2004992251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2014.2333006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2333006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101500037","display_name":"Deliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5854-9942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183006215","display_name":"Shijiazhuang University","ror":"https://ror.org/028rmam09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183006215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Shijiazhuang Mechanical Engineering College, Shijiazhuang, China","Sch. of Electron. Inf. Eng., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Shijiazhuang Mechanical Engineering College, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183006215"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electron. Inf. Eng., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101532377","display_name":"Kaihua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-0129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaihua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","Sch. of Electron. Inf. Eng., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electron. Inf. Eng., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008563672","display_name":"Yongtao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6240-5749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongtao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","Sch. of Electron. Inf. Eng., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electron. Inf. Eng., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100624242","display_name":"Jiexiao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2520-2840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiexiao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","Sch. of Electron. Inf. Eng., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electron. Inf. Eng., Tianjin Univ., Tianjin, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2587,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94688573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"8","first_page":"1423","last_page":"1426"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.9748263359069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.784170389175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.6811673641204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6158209443092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5885882377624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.5793692469596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.5231643915176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.511445164680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.4885903298854828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.4743310809135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4361107051372528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-of-sight","display_name":"Line-of-sight","score":0.4246247112751007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3099202513694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.197755366563797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16729718446731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15084215998649597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.13177070021629333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11505752801895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.07768112421035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07582572102546692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.9748263359069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.784170389175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.6811673641204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6158209443092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5885882377624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5793692469596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.5231643915176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.511445164680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4885903298854828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.4743310809135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4361107051372528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780928442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553027","display_name":"Line-of-sight","level":2,"score":0.4246247112751007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3099202513694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.197755366563797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16729718446731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15084215998649597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.13177070021629333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11505752801895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.07768112421035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07582572102546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcomm.2014.2333006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2333006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147316732","display_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","issn_l":"1089-7798","issn":["1089-7798","1558-2558","2373-7891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1663443116","https://openalex.org/W1966316086","https://openalex.org/W2025288594","https://openalex.org/W2035188723","https://openalex.org/W2045838857","https://openalex.org/W2062684860","https://openalex.org/W2075596155","https://openalex.org/W2095522420","https://openalex.org/W2095612676","https://openalex.org/W2124112066","https://openalex.org/W2125797950","https://openalex.org/W2138347261","https://openalex.org/W2156668452","https://openalex.org/W6636918279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2215607475","https://openalex.org/W2090958333","https://openalex.org/W2784460138","https://openalex.org/W2539931258","https://openalex.org/W2047918636","https://openalex.org/W2110622756","https://openalex.org/W2185187882","https://openalex.org/W2000564419","https://openalex.org/W2061378448","https://openalex.org/W3126608168"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,12,40,64],"geometrical":[4],"localization":[5],"approach":[6],"that":[7],"is":[8],"able":[9],"to":[10],"locate":[11],"mobile":[13],"station":[14],"in":[15,34,58],"non-line-of-sight":[16],"(NLOS)":[17],"and":[18,24,76],"multipath":[19],"conditions":[20],"using":[21,72],"time-of-arrival":[22],"(TOA)":[23],"direction-of-arrival":[25],"(DOA)":[26],"estimates.":[27],"The":[28],"novelty":[29],"of":[30,84],"our":[31],"work":[32],"resides":[33],"converting":[35],"the":[36,48,73,82,85],"NLOS":[37],"problem":[38,42],"into":[39],"line-of-sight":[41],"with":[43],"virtual":[44],"stations,":[45],"even":[46],"if":[47],"signal":[49],"undergoes":[50],"multiple-bound":[51],"scattering,":[52],"which":[53],"has":[54],"not":[55],"been":[56],"resolved":[57],"previous":[59],"works.":[60],"We":[61],"also":[62],"develop":[63],"two-step":[65],"weighted":[66],"least":[67],"squares":[68],"(TSWLS)":[69],"positioning":[70],"estimator":[71],"hybrid":[74],"TOA":[75],"DOA":[77],"values.":[78],"Simulation":[79],"results":[80],"demonstrate":[81],"effectiveness":[83],"proposed":[86],"method.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
