{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414197004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcn65610.2025.11146317","title":"An Intelligent Q-Learning Approach for Energy-Efficient Channel Occupancy in NR-U Cellular Networks for Fair Unlicensed Spectrum Access","display_name":"An Intelligent Q-Learning Approach for Energy-Efficient Channel Occupancy in NR-U Cellular Networks for Fair Unlicensed Spectrum Access","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414197004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcn65610.2025.11146317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcn65610.2025.11146317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcn65610.2025.11146317","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 50th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022454689","display_name":"Vijeth J. Kotagi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4549-1080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152718","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad","ror":"https://ror.org/0509djg30","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152718"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijeth J Kotagi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Dharwad,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Dharwad,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041246437","display_name":"Yash Deshpande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4721-2492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127441","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Jammu","ror":"https://ror.org/02f0vsw63","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127441"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yash Deshpande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Jammu,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Jammu,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035616819","display_name":"Shreyas Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9556-4880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280006231","display_name":"Extreme Networks (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvs9743","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280006231"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shreyas Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Extreme Networks,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Extreme Networks,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280006231"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107565372","display_name":"Ramita Sairam Commi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133184724","display_name":"University College Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/042ver755","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133184724"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramita S Commi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Of Birmingham,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Of Birmingham,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472","https://openalex.org/I3133184724","https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9322,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88821803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.6301000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.5891000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-broadband","display_name":"Mobile broadband","score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.3587999939918518}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7445999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.6301000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.5891000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78834623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640394","display_name":"Mobile broadband","level":3,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133972139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5058371","display_name":"Cellular traffic","level":3,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134579502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455619","display_name":"Frequency allocation","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcn65610.2025.11146317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcn65610.2025.11146317","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 50th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766877127","https://openalex.org/W3172576246","https://openalex.org/W3204003722","https://openalex.org/W3217301236","https://openalex.org/W4205885310","https://openalex.org/W4283796151","https://openalex.org/W4297310171","https://openalex.org/W4312330982","https://openalex.org/W4312500135","https://openalex.org/W4312779757","https://openalex.org/W4313142357","https://openalex.org/W4321482286","https://openalex.org/W4400945879","https://openalex.org/W4404740244","https://openalex.org/W4406267030","https://openalex.org/W4408518985"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57,70,82,112],"growing":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,13,61,134],"mobile":[4],"data":[5],"strains":[6],"the":[7,11,128],"licensed":[8],"spectrum,":[9],"prompting":[10],"need":[12],"efficient":[14,137],"offloading":[15],"strategies.":[16],"New":[17],"Radio":[18],"in":[19,54,142],"Unlicensed":[20],"Spectrum":[21],"(NR-U)":[22],"leverages":[23],"5":[24],"GHz":[25,28],"and":[26,36,79,89,136,139],"6":[27],"bands":[29],"but":[30],"faces":[31],"coexistence":[32,63,141],"challenges":[33],"with":[34,64],"WiFi":[35,65,140],"Bluetooth":[37],"due":[38],"to":[39,48,86,91,120],"interference.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"proposes":[43],"three":[44],"reinforcement":[45],"learning-based":[46,132],"models":[47,101],"optimize":[49],"Channel":[50],"Occupancy":[51],"Time":[52],"(COT)":[53],"NR-U":[55,138],"networks.":[56],"first":[58],"uses":[59],"Qlearning":[60],"fair":[62],"under":[66],"Listen-BeforeTalk":[67],"(LBT)":[68],"rules.":[69],"second":[71],"enhances":[72],"energy":[73],"efficiency":[74],"by":[75,118],"jointly":[76],"optimizing":[77],"COT":[78],"power":[80,116],"control.":[81],"third":[83],"applies":[84],"Dyna-Q+":[85],"accelerate":[87],"learning":[88],"adapt":[90],"dynamic":[92],"traffic":[93],"loads.":[94],"Simulations":[95],"over":[96],"500":[97],"scenarios":[98],"show":[99],"all":[100],"achieve":[102],"Jain\u2019s":[103],"Fairness":[104],"Index":[105],"above":[106],"0.9,":[107],"ensuring":[108],"equitable":[109],"spectrum":[110,144],"sharing.":[111],"energy-efficient":[113],"model":[114],"reduces":[115],"consumption":[117],"up":[119],"20%":[121],"without":[122],"compromising":[123],"performance.":[124],"These":[125],"results":[126],"demonstrate":[127],"potential":[129],"of":[130],"intelligent":[131],"approaches":[133],"robust":[135],"shared":[143],"environments.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}