{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125775960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcn48667.2020.9314846","title":"Beyond the VPN: Practical Client Identity in an Internet with Widespread IP Address Sharing","display_name":"Beyond the VPN: Practical Client Identity in an Internet with Widespread IP Address Sharing","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125775960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcn48667.2020.9314846","mag":"3125775960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcn48667.2020.9314846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcn48667.2020.9314846","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 45th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100345799","display_name":"Yu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5742-1266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081796472","display_name":"Craig A. Shue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1012-3576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig A. Shue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.115,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42334952,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"425","last_page":"428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-network","display_name":"Private network","score":0.838803768157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.754299521446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6927585005760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6146454215049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5643650889396667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5587413311004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5411459803581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5353143215179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5261853933334351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5143674612045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.4738070070743561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.4511590898036957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12317121028900146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117387248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11186","display_name":"Private network","level":2,"score":0.838803768157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.754299521446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6927585005760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6146454215049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5643650889396667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5587413311004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5411459803581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5353143215179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5261853933334351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5143674612045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.4738070070743561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.4511590898036957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12317121028900146}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lcn48667.2020.9314846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lcn48667.2020.9314846","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 45th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W286646063","https://openalex.org/W1635413415","https://openalex.org/W1638186213","https://openalex.org/W1671218426","https://openalex.org/W2123190988","https://openalex.org/W2147118406","https://openalex.org/W2403165337","https://openalex.org/W2985977619","https://openalex.org/W4205358955","https://openalex.org/W4298733397","https://openalex.org/W4299402001","https://openalex.org/W6636887004","https://openalex.org/W6713306859"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2935909890","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W2091483479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"support":[1],"remote":[2,90],"employees,":[3],"organizations":[4,42],"often":[5,38,61],"use":[6],"virtual":[7],"private":[8],"networks":[9,20],"(VPNs)":[10],"to":[11,63],"provide":[12],"confidential":[13],"and":[14,21,30,51,56,67,113,122,132,140],"authenticated":[15],"tunnels":[16],"between":[17],"the":[18,22,32,49,97,115],"organization's":[19],"employees'":[23],"systems.":[24],"With":[25],"widespread":[26],"end-to-end":[27],"application-layer":[28],"encryption":[29],"authentication,":[31],"cryptographic":[33],"features":[34],"of":[35],"VPNs":[36,55,59],"are":[37,60],"redundant.":[39],"However,":[40],"many":[41],"still":[43],"rely":[44],"upon":[45],"VPNs.":[46],"We":[47,108],"examine":[48],"motivations":[50],"limitations":[52,73],"associated":[53,74],"with":[54,75],"find":[57],"that":[58,81],"used":[62],"simplify":[64],"access":[65,111],"control":[66,112],"filtering":[68],"for":[69,117,137],"enterprise":[70],"services.To":[71],"avoid":[72],"VPNs,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"an":[79],"approach":[80,86,128],"allows":[82],"straightforward":[83],"filtering.":[84],"Our":[85],"provides":[87,133],"evidence":[88],"a":[89,94,134],"user":[91],"belongs":[92],"in":[93,101],"network,":[95],"despite":[96],"address":[98],"sharing":[99],"present":[100],"tools":[102],"like":[103],"Carrier-Grade":[104],"Network":[105],"Address":[106],"Translation.":[107],"preserve":[109],"simple":[110],"eliminate":[114],"need":[116],"VPN":[118,123],"servers,":[119],"redundant":[120],"cryptography,":[121],"packet":[124],"headers":[125],"overheads.":[126,145],"The":[127],"is":[129],"incrementally":[130],"deployable":[131],"second":[135],"factor":[136],"authenticating":[138],"users":[139],"systems":[141],"while":[142],"minimizing":[143],"performance":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
