{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154705734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lats70329.2026.11480311","title":"PowerCourt: Formally Judging Benign-Looking Circuits in Multi-Tenant FPGA Environments","display_name":"PowerCourt: Formally Judging Benign-Looking Circuits in Multi-Tenant FPGA Environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154705734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lats70329.2026.11480311"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lats70329.2026.11480311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lats70329.2026.11480311","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 27th Latin American Test Symposium (LATS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133864656","display_name":"Philipp Schmitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73114660","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkqa017","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Schmitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046","https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133891428","display_name":"Mohamed Shelkamy Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73114660","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkqa017","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Shelkamy Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046","https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092938881","display_name":"Dino Mehmedagi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5848-9004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73114660","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkqa017","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dino Mehmedagi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046","https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040426334","display_name":"Hassan Nassar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1566-8997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Nassar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133838937","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047920654","display_name":"Dominik Stoffel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-9738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73114660","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkqa017","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Stoffel","raw_affiliation_strings":["RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046","https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066184879","display_name":"Wolfgang Kunz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-2946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73114660","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkqa017","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Kunz","raw_affiliation_strings":["RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046","https://openalex.org/I73114660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33888021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.4392000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.4392000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.21230000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.11230000108480453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-design","display_name":"Circuit design","score":0.2535000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6498000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190560348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3245116","display_name":"Circuit design","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lats70329.2026.11480311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lats70329.2026.11480311","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 27th Latin American Test Symposium (LATS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7221860228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16ME0993","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307102","display_name":"Intel Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965953351","https://openalex.org/W2038347223","https://openalex.org/W2089636653","https://openalex.org/W2165097265","https://openalex.org/W2279541644","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2761003783","https://openalex.org/W2966980899","https://openalex.org/W3036146501","https://openalex.org/W3135137132","https://openalex.org/W3143654744","https://openalex.org/W3181637428","https://openalex.org/W3190249143","https://openalex.org/W4200501761","https://openalex.org/W4231640108","https://openalex.org/W4242164861","https://openalex.org/W4381050415","https://openalex.org/W4388878447","https://openalex.org/W4404101388"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,21,63,80,102,138],"era":[2],"of":[3,33,140],"Cloud":[4],"Computing":[5,9],"and":[6,18,128,164],"High":[7],"Performance":[8],"as":[10,54,111],"a":[11,50,55,58,121,125,150],"Service,":[12],"multiple":[13],"customers":[14],"run":[15],"their":[16],"software":[17],"hardware":[19,52,145],"on":[20,37,57,95],"same":[22],"physical":[23],"devices.":[24],"This":[25,67],"opens":[26],"new":[27],"opportunities":[28],"for":[29,149],"attackers,":[30],"like":[31],"Denial":[32],"Service":[34],"(DoS)":[35],"attacks":[36,46],"shared":[38,59],"cloud":[39],"Field":[40],"Programmable":[41],"Gate":[42],"Arrays":[43],"(FP-GAs).":[44],"DoS":[45],"work":[47],"by":[48],"employing":[49],"malicious":[51,73],"design":[53,103,122],"tenant":[56],"FP-GA":[60],"device,":[61],"draining":[62],"FPGA's":[64],"power":[65,92],"budget.":[66],"paper":[68],"aims":[69],"at":[70],"identifying":[71],"potentially":[72],"circuits":[74],"before":[75],"they":[76],"are":[77],"deployed":[78],"to":[79,108],"FPGA,":[81],"using":[82,143],"formal":[83,116],"verification.":[84],"Our":[85],"methodology,":[86],"PowerCourt,":[87],"provides":[88],"an":[89],"accurate":[90],"worst-case":[91],"estimation":[93],"based":[94],"switching":[96],"activity.":[97],"It":[98],"computes":[99],"metadata":[100],"about":[101],"that":[104,118,152,158],"enables":[105,153],"service":[106],"providers":[107],"classify":[109],"designs":[110],"malicious.":[112],"The":[113],"method":[114],"checks":[115],"properties":[117],"verify":[119],"whether":[120,129],"can":[123,132,160],"exceed":[124],"custom":[126],"threshold":[127,131],"this":[130],"be":[133],"exceeded":[134],"repeatedly.":[135],"We":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"effectiveness":[139],"our":[141],"approach":[142],"various":[144],"designs.":[146],"For":[147],"example,":[148],"trojan":[151],"excessive":[154],"switching,":[155],"we":[156,159],"show":[157],"detect":[161],"it":[162,166],"offline":[163],"disable":[165],"during":[167],"runtime.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-04-18T00:00:00"}